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S Babic Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia

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M Pokusa Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia

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V Danevova Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia

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S T Ding Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia

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D Jezova Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia

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during stress conditions is limited. The activation of release of anterior pituitary hormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or prolactin, is one of the main characteristics of the stress response ( Jezova & Hlavacova 2008 ). Knowledge

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Alberto Loizzo
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Santi M Spampinato Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Gabriele Campana Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Stefano Vella
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Andrea Fortuna
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Loredana Costa
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Anna Capasso Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Palmiero Monteleone Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Paolo Renzi Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Stefano Loizzo
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experiences to type 2 diabetes in humans and type 2 diabetes models in mice, even if no inferences should be allowed between animal studies and human studies. Here, we evidence step-by-step trajectories from cause (postnatal stress) to effect (adult type-2

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Patricia Joseph-Bravo Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico

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Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico

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Rosa-María Uribe Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico

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Jean-Louis Charli Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico

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expression is independent of circulating TH concentration ( Zoeller et al . 1990 ) or of nutritional status ( Jaimes-Hoy et al . 2008 ), but is inhibited by a previous stress exposure ( Uribe et al . 2011 ) or corticosterone injection ( Sotelo-Rivera et

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Stephen G Matthews Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Patrick O McGowan Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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maternal stress/anxiety/depression, maternal obesity, maternal glucocorticoid exposure and altered level of maternal care. While early studies in the field were confined to animal models, more recently, they have been extended to include humans. The

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Takahiro Nemoto Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan

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Yoshihiko Kakinuma Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan

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Tamotsu Shibasaki Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan

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dexamethasone ( Holsboer-Trachsler et al . 1987 , Hoshino et al . 1987 , Vreeburg et al . 2009 , Hempel et al . 2010 ), and abnormal adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol responses to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or stress ( Young et al . 2000

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Aowen Zhuang Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Clinical School, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Josephine M Forbes Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Clinical School, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Clinical School, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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develop a detrimental condition referred to as ER stress. The principles of the UPR are now relatively well defined ( Ron & Walter 2007 , Hasnain et al . 2012 , Hetz 2012 ), and the mechanisms of the signal transducers involved in the activation of this

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Georgia Balsevich Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Andres Uribe Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Klaus V Wagner Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Jakob Hartmann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Sara Santarelli Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Christiana Labermaier Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Mathias V Schmidt Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Introduction The global prevalence of obesity is rising ( Yach et al . 2006 ), emphasizing the need to decipher the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying energy balance. Evidence indicates that chronic stress is a risk factor for obesity

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Jordan E Hamden Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Katherine M Gray Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Melody Salehzadeh Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Kiran K Soma Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Introduction The effects of early-life stress (ELS) are profound, long lasting, and diverse. ELS impacts growth, metabolism, immunity, brain physiology, and behavior ( Meaney & Plotsky 2000 , Lehmann et al. 2002 , Levine 2002 , Bilbo et

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Ralf Baumeister Bio 3, Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, University of Freiburg, Germany
ZBSA – Freiburg Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany

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Elke Schaffitzel Bio 3, Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, University of Freiburg, Germany
ZBSA – Freiburg Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany

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Maren Hertweck Bio 3, Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, University of Freiburg, Germany
ZBSA – Freiburg Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany

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in lipid biosynthesis and storage ( Mak et al. 2006 ), regulatory micro-RNAs ( Mansfield et al. 2004 ), neurotrans-mission, and the control of developmental decisions, stress response, and lifespan ( Lee et al. 2003 , Hamilton et al. 2005

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Stephen Mandang Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Ursula Manuelpillai Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Euan M Wallace Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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of excessive oxidative stress ( Hubel 1999 , Burton & Jauniaux 2004 , Myatt & Cui 2004 ), thought to result from either hypoxia-reperfusion injury ( Burton & Hung 2003 ) and/or deficient antioxidant defences ( Perkins 2006 ). In turn, increased

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