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Tatiana Ederich Lehnen Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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Rafael Marschner Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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Fernanda Dias Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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Ana Luiza Maia Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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Simone Magagnin Wajner Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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mortality in this condition ( Iervasi et al . 2003 , Peeters et al . 2005 , Alevizaki et al . 2007 ). The pathophysiology of NTIS includes profound changes in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. This process is carried by a set of enzymes, deiodinase

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N N Chattergoon Heart Research Center,
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA

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G D Giraud Heart Research Center,
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA

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K L Thornburg Heart Research Center,
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA

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Introduction Thyroid hormones (3,5,3′-triiodo- l -thyronine: T 3 ; thyroxine: T 4 ) are key regulators of development in all vertebrates ( White et al. 2001 , Mai et al. 2006 ). In mammals, including humans, the circulating

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Juan Bernal Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction The actions of thyroid hormones (TH) on brain develop­ment and function are among the more relevant of these hormones, strongly influencing neuromotor performance, cognition and mood. Multiple conditions cause impaired TH action

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J Kwakkel
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O Chassande Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, INSERM U 577, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, F5-165, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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H C van Beeren
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W M Wiersinga
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A Boelen
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( Yu & Koenig 2006 ). D1 mRNA expression is positively regulated by T 3 via the TRs, which activates gene transcription by binding to two thyroid hormone responsive elements (TREs) in the promoter region of the human D1 gene ( Toyoda et al . 1995

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Taeko Nishiwaki-Ohkawa Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

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Takashi Yoshimura Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

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. Secondly, we show that a similar mechanism exists in mammals and fish. We conclude with a discussion about the evolution of seasonal reproduction. Roles and metabolic pathway of thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone (TH) is a tyrosine-based hormone that

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A M Mitchell Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Research Foundation, Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Queensland Health Pathology Service, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia

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M Tom Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Research Foundation, Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Queensland Health Pathology Service, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia

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R H Mortimer Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Research Foundation, Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Queensland Health Pathology Service, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia

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Introduction Thyroid hormone plays an essential role in mammalian cellular metabolism. While much is known about the physiology of trans-membrane iodothyronine transport ( Kragie 1994 , 1996 , Abe et al. 2002 ) little is known

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T. J. Allain
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A. M. McGregor
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Introduction

There is immense current interest in the effects of thyroid hormones on bone. This is largely due to concern that patients on thyroxine replacement therapy are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis; this concern follows a number of reports describing reduced bone mineral density in this group of patients. The issue is, however, uncertain and the purpose of this review is (i) to summarize what is known about the effects of thyroid hormones on bone at both an experimental and clinical level and (ii) to try to reach a greater understanding of the problem and its implications for patient management.

Bone biology

Bone remodelling requires the tightly coupled actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. A normal bone remodelling cycle takes approximately 200 days. Each cycle begins with activation of cells which become osteoclasts and start resorbing bone. This phase lasts for about 50 days and is terminated

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G M Ledda-Columbano Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy

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A Perra Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy

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M Pibiri Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy

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F Molotzu Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy

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A Columbano Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy

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Introduction The thyroid hormones influence a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth and metabolism in mammals, metamorphosis in amphibians and development of the vertebrate nervous system ( Samuels et al. 1988

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S Van der Geyten Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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V M Darras Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism remains to be investigated. For D2, such a differential regulation seems to exist. Recent in vitro data have demonstrated that both in rat and mouse pituitary cells D2 mRNA and activity are upregulated after

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Anne M Houbrechts Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Jolien Van houcke Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Veerle M Darras Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Introduction Vertebrate reproduction is controlled by several endocrine factors, among which thyroid hormones (THs) are indispensable. They play an essential role in gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, embryogenesis, fetal development and growth

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