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Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (3,5,3′-triiodo- l -thyronine: T 3 ; thyroxine: T 4 ) are key regulators of development in all vertebrates ( White et al. 2001 , Mai et al. 2006 ). In mammals, including humans, the circulating
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mortality in this condition ( Iervasi et al . 2003 , Peeters et al . 2005 , Alevizaki et al . 2007 ). The pathophysiology of NTIS includes profound changes in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. This process is carried by a set of enzymes, deiodinase
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Introduction The actions of thyroid hormones (TH) on brain development and function are among the more relevant of these hormones, strongly influencing neuromotor performance, cognition and mood. Multiple conditions cause impaired TH action
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( Yu & Koenig 2006 ). D1 mRNA expression is positively regulated by T 3 via the TRs, which activates gene transcription by binding to two thyroid hormone responsive elements (TREs) in the promoter region of the human D1 gene ( Toyoda et al . 1995
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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. Secondly, we show that a similar mechanism exists in mammals and fish. We conclude with a discussion about the evolution of seasonal reproduction. Roles and metabolic pathway of thyroid hormone Thyroid hormone (TH) is a tyrosine-based hormone that
Queensland Health Pathology Service, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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Queensland Health Pathology Service, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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Queensland Health Pathology Service, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
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Introduction Thyroid hormone plays an essential role in mammalian cellular metabolism. While much is known about the physiology of trans-membrane iodothyronine transport ( Kragie 1994 , 1996 , Abe et al. 2002 ) little is known
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Introduction
There is immense current interest in the effects of thyroid hormones on bone. This is largely due to concern that patients on thyroxine replacement therapy are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis; this concern follows a number of reports describing reduced bone mineral density in this group of patients. The issue is, however, uncertain and the purpose of this review is (i) to summarize what is known about the effects of thyroid hormones on bone at both an experimental and clinical level and (ii) to try to reach a greater understanding of the problem and its implications for patient management.
Bone biology
Bone remodelling requires the tightly coupled actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. A normal bone remodelling cycle takes approximately 200 days. Each cycle begins with activation of cells which become osteoclasts and start resorbing bone. This phase lasts for about 50 days and is terminated
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Introduction The thyroid hormones influence a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth and metabolism in mammals, metamorphosis in amphibians and development of the vertebrate nervous system ( Samuels et al. 1988
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peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism remains to be investigated. For D2, such a differential regulation seems to exist. Recent in vitro data have demonstrated that both in rat and mouse pituitary cells D2 mRNA and activity are upregulated after
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Introduction Vertebrate reproduction is controlled by several endocrine factors, among which thyroid hormones (THs) are indispensable. They play an essential role in gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, embryogenesis, fetal development and growth
