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Laura Fozzatti Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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María L Vélez Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Ariel M Lucero Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Juan P Nicola Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Iván D Mascanfroni Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Daniela R Macció Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Claudia G Pellizas Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Germán A Roth Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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Ana M Masini-Repiso Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-(CIBICI) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina

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regulated by thyrotrophin (TSH) mainly by the modulation of thyroid-specific genes, such as NIS, TG and TPO ( Dunn & Dunn 2001 ). The existence of a basal tonic level of endogenous NO generation with a possible autocrine or paracrine role in the

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Elaine Cristina Lima de Souza Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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Álvaro Souto Padrón Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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William Miranda Oliveira Braga Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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Bruno Moulin de Andrade Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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Mário Vaisman Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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Luiz Eurico Nasciutti Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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Denise Pires de Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Laboratório de Interações Celulares do Programa de Pesquisa em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho

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physiology. The ability of the thyroid gland to accumulate radioiodine is also important for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders ( Mazaferri 2000 ). TSH is the major regulator of thyroid cell proliferation, differentiation, and function

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Nadia Schoenmakers University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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Kyriaki S Alatzoglou University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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V Krishna Chatterjee University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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Mehul T Dattani University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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Introduction Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) is a rare disorder in which inadequate thyroid hormone biosynthesis occurs due to defective stimulation of a normal thyroid gland by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The underlying molecular

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Eleonore Fröhlich
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Anja Witke
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Barbara Czarnocka
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Richard Wahl
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(TSH)-induced uptake of iodide and the release of organified iodine in normal human thyrocytes ( Namba et al. 1993 ). High concentrations of retinol also exert dedifferentiating effects on normal thyrocytes ( Fröhlich et al. 2001 ). These effects

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K J Oliveira Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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G S M Paula Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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R H Costa-e-Sousa Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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L L Souza Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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D C Moraes Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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F H Curty Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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C C Pazos-Moura Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil

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intracerebroventricular administration of NPY to normally fed rats resulted in reduction of circulating levels of thyroid hormones with inappropriately normal or low thyrotropin (TSH), and suppression of proTRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN

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Andrea C F Ferreira Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Lívia P Lima Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Renata L Araújo Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Glaucia Müller Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Renata P Rocha Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Doris Rosenthal Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Denise P Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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underlying the control of NIS expression, and the regulation of its activity in the plasma membrane. The ability of the thyroid gland to concentrate iodine has been known for several decades and many reports have demonstrated that thyrotrophin (TSH

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J Fahrenkrug Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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B Georg Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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J Hannibal Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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H L Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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the cytoplasm, CRY and PER proteins translocate into the nucleus and form inhibitory complexes feeding negatively back on their own transcription. A daily rhythmicity of circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) peaking at daytime in rats is well

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D C Ferguson Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

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Z Caffall Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

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M Hoenig Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

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et al. 1991 , Silva 1995 ). However, studies of thyroid function in obese people have produced inconsistent results. Obesity has resulted in either no changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TH concentrations in the hands of some

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Thierry Métayé Biophysics Laboratory, Pathology, Endocrine Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Biophysics, Departments of

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Pierre Levillain Biophysics Laboratory, Pathology, Endocrine Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Biophysics, Departments of

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Jean-Louis Kraimps Biophysics Laboratory, Pathology, Endocrine Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Biophysics, Departments of

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Rémy Perdrisot Biophysics Laboratory, Pathology, Endocrine Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Biophysics, Departments of

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) the β-adrenergic receptor kinases (GRK2 and GRK3), and 3) the GRK4, GRK5, and GRK6 subfamily ( Ribas et al . 2007 ). The thyrotropin (TSH) receptor belongs to the GPCR family and is a major determinant of thyroid function ( Vassart & Dumont 1992

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Sisi Luan Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Wenkai Bi Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Shulong Shi Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Li Peng Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Zhanbin Li Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Jie Jiang Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Ling Gao Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Yifeng Du Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Xu Hou Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
Stem Cell Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Zhao He Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Jiajun Zhao Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Introduction Thyroid hormones are produced and released by the thyroid gland, which regulate the metabolism of the body. The endocrine function of the thyroid gland is mediated by TSH, a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary

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