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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Mark Pope Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Ian Bloor Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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James Law Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Reham Alagal Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah Bint AbdulRahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Introduction Adipose tissue represents one of the most dynamic organs in the body, and has an array of functions which adapt to the prevailing thermal and metabolic environment ( Seale & Lazar 2009 ). It acts as a site of energy storage, heat

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Mark A Exley Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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Laura Hand Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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Donal O'Shea Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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Lydia Lynch Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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adipose M1 macrophage activity, weight gain, and systemic insulin resistance ( Wu et al . 2011 ). The production of eosinophils in bone marrow and their recruitment into WAT is largely controlled by IL5 ( Mould et al . 1997 , Molofsky et al . 2013

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Michael Dube Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Adam J Branscum Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Carmen P Wong Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Dawn A Olson Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Xiaoying Zhong Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Mercedes F Kweh Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Iske V Larkin Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Thomas J Wronski Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Satya P Kalra Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

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2811 – 2822 . ( doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2629-7 ) Devlin MJ Cloutier AM Thomas NA Panus DA Lotinun S Pinz I Baron R Rosen CJ Bouxsein ML 2010 Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice

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Ana María Pino Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Juan Manuel Rodríguez Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Susana Ríos Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Pablo Astudillo Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Laura Leiva Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Germán Seitz Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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Mireya Fernández Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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J Pablo Rodríguez Laboratorio de Biología Celular, INTA, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul. Casilla 138-11, Santiago, Chile
Laboratorio de Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Crónicas Relacionadas con la Nutrición, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile

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& Robey 1999 , Rodríguez et al. 1999 ). After the menopause, decreased endogenous oestradiol enhances bone turnover and this is accompanied by a shift in the adipocyte to osteoblast ratio, which favours fat tissue production in the bone marrow

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Mone Zaidi The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Maria I New The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Harry C Blair The Pittsburgh VA Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Alberta Zallone Department of Histology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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Ramkumarie Baliram The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Terry F Davies The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Christopher Cardozo The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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James Iqbal The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Li Sun The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Tony Yuen The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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increasing visceral and bone marrow adiposity and a decrease in lean mass ( Thurston et al . 2009 , Wildman et al . 2012 ). This clinical phenotype is associated with disrupted energy metabolism and decreased physical activity ( Thurston et al . 2009

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Anyonya R Guntur The Musculoskeletal Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA

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Clifford J Rosen The Musculoskeletal Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA

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PTEN protein expression in bone marrow stromal cells and calvarial osteoblasts ( Demambro et al . 2008 , Kawai et al . 2011 ). This was accompanied by an increase in marrow adiposity suggesting that enhanced Pten activity played a role in

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Natalie K Y Wee Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia

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Thaísa F C de Lima Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

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Narelle E McGregor Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia

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Emma C Walker Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia

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Ingrid J Poulton Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia

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Martha Blank Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

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Natalie A Sims Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

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recombination of the LepR-floxed allele, frozen femora, that had been flushed to remove the bone marrow, were processed for DNA isolation using the ISOLATE II Genomic DNA Kit (BIO-52066, Bioline) and then assessed by PCR. Primer sequences and product sizes for

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Flavia Fonseca Bloise Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Felipe Leite de Oliveira Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Alberto Félix Nobrega Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Rita Vasconcellos Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Aline Cordeiro Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Luciana Souza de Paiva Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Dennis D Taub Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Radovan Borojevic Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Valéria de Mello-Coelho Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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, collection of tissues, and histological staining Bone marrow cells were obtained by flushing the femurs of the animals with culture medium (RPMI-1640, Sigma) injected through a 21 gauge needle. Spleens were removed and weighed before being smashed on a nylon

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R Hardy School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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M S Cooper School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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disease affects the bone remodelling cycle is shown in Fig. 1 . The impact of inflammation related mechanisms of bone loss on the bone remodelling cycle will be discussed along with how inflammation within particular tissues interacts with bone

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Yingxin Xian Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Zonglan Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hongrong Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Mengyin Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Hua Liang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Wen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Jianping Weng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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Fen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China

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tissue from humans with obesity and obese mice models is infiltrated with increased numbers of macrophages provides a major mechanistic advance into understanding obesity-associated inflammation ( Olefsky & Glass 2010 ). These adipose tissue macrophages

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