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Introduction C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a paracrine growth factor that regulates cell proliferation and maturation, is widely expressed along with its receptor (NPR-2) throughout the brain and spinal cord in mammals ( Komatsu et al
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Introduction Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasoactive peptide originally identified in pheochromocytoma extracts, is now known to be produced in many sites including brain where multiple actions have been described ( Hinson et al . 2000 ). AM has
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neural circuitry, ameliorating neuroinflammation, and improving aspects of neuroregeneration. Due to their lipophilic nature that allows crossing of the blood–brain barrier, steroids from the adrenals or gonads can directly act on nervous system targets
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the brain remain unclear in teleosts. In mammals, diurnal hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity is regulated by glucocorticoid-negative feedback acting through the high-affinity mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), whereas stressor levels of
Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Introduction The nervous system is a target for the ovarian hormone oestradiol. This hormone regulates brain development and function, acting on neurons, synapses and glial cells ( Chowen et al. 2000 , McEwen 2002 ). For many
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Geriatrics, Shenyang Northern Hospital, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Hepig District, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Introduction It is well known that iodine is a trace element essential for the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ), which play a crucial role in the process of early growth and development of most organs, especially the brain
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from the pituitary or administered peripherally, it stimulates the liver to release insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) ( Mathews et al . 1986 ), which mediates some of the effects of GH. In the brain, both GH and IGF1 have been shown to cross the
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30 in the rodent. We aimed to 1) map the distribution of GPR30 in the mouse brain to determine whether there are differences to that shown in the rat 2) identify and highlight regions that express high levels of GPR30 mRNA and protein in the rodent
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Introduction It is well established that thyroid hormones play a crucial role in vertebrate development in general and in brain development and maturation in particular. The impact of thyroid hormones (THS) on the development of the
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, ‘occurs only as a result of definite stimuli, which are partly external…’ ( Marshall 1922 ). It seemed that a significant link to the environment must depend on sensory, i.e. ‘exteroceptive’ inputs to the brain, and one of Harris' first observations was to
