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Nathalie Marissal-Arvy INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Rachel Hamiani INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Emmanuel Richard INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Marie-Pierre Moisan INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Véronique Pallet INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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( Etchamendy et al . 2001 , Mingaud et al . 2008 ). Glucocorticoid (GC) levels increase during ageing in rodents and humans, and this endocrine alteration results in prolonged exposure to excess GCs that compromise hippocampal plasticity and functions such

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A McMaster Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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T Chambers Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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Q-J Meng Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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S Grundy Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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A S I Loudon Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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R Donn Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular
Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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D W Ray Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular

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Introduction Glucocorticoid hormones exert a wide diversity of effects in target tissues. Their activity has been typically explored using a limited number of timed end points, both in vivo and in vitro , and using such approaches a variety of

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David P Macfarlane Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Shareen Forbes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Introduction Endogenous glucocorticoids are steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex under the influence of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis that constitutes an integral component of the response to stress. Corticosterone is

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Thanh Q Dang Department of Biology, Faculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada

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Nanyoung Yoon Department of Biology, Faculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada

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Helen Chasiotis Department of Biology, Faculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada

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Emily C Dunford School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health and Muscle Health Research Center, York University, Toronto, Canada

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Qilong Feng Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA

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Pingnian He Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA

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Michael C Riddell School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health and Muscle Health Research Center, York University, Toronto, Canada

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Scott P Kelly Department of Biology, Faculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada

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Gary Sweeney Department of Biology, Faculty of Science York University, Toronto, Canada

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concentrations of the hormone are significantly lower in the target tissue than those in the circulation ( Kolka & Bergman 2012 ). Glucocorticoids are among the most commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medications worldwide ( Clark

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Chad D Osterlund Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

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Vanessa Thompson Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

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Laura Hinds Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

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Robert L Spencer Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, UCB 345, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

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Introduction Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis integrate stress-dependent changes in neural input and direct negative feedback effects of glucocorticoids ( Dallman et al . 1987

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Johanna L Barclay School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Hadiya Agada School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Christina Jang School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Micheal Ward School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Neil Wetzig School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Ken K Y Ho School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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activated BAT. These observations provide persuasive evidence for a significant metabolic role of BAT in humans. Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a critical role in the regulation of energy balance. Chronic GC excess, as exemplified in Cushing's syndrome, results

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Francesca Spiga Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Jamie J Walker Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Rita Gupta Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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John R Terry Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stafford L Lightman Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, College of Engineering, Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Introduction Glucocorticoids, the end-product of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, are essential hormones that regulate the organism's homeostasis and its response to stress. Glucocorticoids (corticosterone in the rat, cortisol in

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James S M Cuffe School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences, and Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia

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Zarqa Saif Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia

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Anthony V Perkins School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia

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Karen M Moritz School of Biomedical Sciences, and Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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Vicki L Clifton Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia

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Introduction Maternal glucocorticoid exposure programs offspring disease in a sexually dimorphic manner ( O’Regan et al . 2004 , Singh et al . 2012 ). This is in part due to sexually dimorphic placental responses to glucocorticoids during

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C E Waters
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A Stevens
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A White
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D W Ray
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Introduction The ectopic adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) syndrome is a dramatic clinical example of glucocorticoid resistance where secretion of ACTH peptides is markedly resistant to the normal negative feedback of circulating

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Hershel Raff Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St Luke’s Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215, USA
Center for Neuropharmacology and Neurosciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA

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Lauren Jacobson Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St Luke’s Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53215, USA
Center for Neuropharmacology and Neurosciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA

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). Successful adaptation to neonatal hypoxia requires a coordinated physiological response, including an increase in the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex ( Hanukoglu et al. 1995 ). Understanding the mechanisms by which the resulting increase

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