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Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Introduction Neuronal networks crucial for the regulation of food intake, i.e. satiety and hunger, are located mainly in the hypothalamus. In particular, two populations of neurons in the mediobasal part of the hypothalamus, the arcuate
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SUMMARY
Anterior pituitary tissue was implanted into the hypothalamus, other parts of the brain and beneath the renal capsule of rats. Grafts in the ventral hypothalamus could retain a normal histological appearance despite a lack of any contact with the capillary loop system of the median eminence.
By observing the location of basophils in the grafts a 'hypophysiotrophic' area has been defined. In other sites the histological structure of the grafts was not maintained.
In animals with grafts in the hypophysiotrophic area the target organs might be well preserved, though sometimes the gonads were preserved and other target organs atrophied. Grafts in other sites always led to atrophy of the target organs.
It is concluded that the material from the hypothalamus essential for the maintenance of anterior pituitary structure and function is not simply a synaptic mediator discharged by nerve terminals into the portal circulation, but a true neurosecretory substance produced by and available from small neurones in the hypothalamus.
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energy balance. It was found that AGRP expression is associated with changes in the leptin level, one of the main hormones which regulates food intake via the hypothalamus. It was further observed that AGRP is produced in neurons that exhibit leptin
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used for teaching anatomy at Oxford ( Vogt 1972 ). A hallmark of Harris's research was a continuous emphasis on establishing structure–function relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. This focus played a major part in his ability
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Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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-known direct effects of TH at the tissue level, some of its metabolic effects are mediated indirectly through specific neuronal targets within the hypothalamus. In particular, this has been shown in rats for hepatic glucose metabolism, brown adipose tissue (BAT
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neuroendocrinology. The paradigm-shifting notion that blood passes down the portal vessels from the median eminence at the base of the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary gland was finally confirmed when Green & Harris (1949) observed the direction of red
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neurons include agouti-related protein (AgRP)- and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing cells, both located at the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). ARH AgRP and ARH POMC neurons represent distinct but adjacent cell populations that affect
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the olfactory placode and migrate into the CNS during embryogenesis ( Hilal et al . 1996 ), implying that their mutual relocation to the hypothalamus could be somewhat evolutionary and functionally linked. AGRP is expressed in leptin
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does GH prevent hypoglycemia by antagonizing the glucose-lowering effects of insulin but glucose-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus are also directly responsive to GH ( Fig. 2 ) ( Furigo et al. 2017 , 2019a , Wasinski et al. 2021b ). Previous
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Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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contain all mRNAs for the protein domain sustaining the regulated release of any neurotransmitter or neuroactive modulator. Here, we will review recent data on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA -containing neurons in the mammalian hypothalamus to
