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Meng Guo School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yuna Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Yan Wang School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Zhenkun Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaohong Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Peikun Zhao School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Changlong Li School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Jianyi Lv School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xin Liu School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaoyan Du School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Zhenwen Chen School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction As a major metabolic tissue, skeletal muscle constitutes 40% of the total body mass and plays a predominant role in postprandial glucose disposal in humans ( DeFronzo et al. 1981 ). Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is an

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Mark E Cleasby Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK

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Pauline M Jamieson Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Philip J Atherton Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK

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, of which the significant majority would be of >40 years old ( IDF 2013 ). Of these, 90% suffer from type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is characterised by both β-cell failure and resistance to the actions of insulin at the tissue level (insulin resistance

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Xiao-Bing Cui Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

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Jun-Na Luan Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

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Jianping Ye Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

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Shi-You Chen Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

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, and metabolic energy balance ( Chatterjee et al . 2014 ). Although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, adipose tissue inflammation has been acknowledged as a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and

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Yujiao Dai School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Peng Hao School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Zhimei Sun School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Zhiyi Guo School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Hong Xu School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Lihui Xue Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Hongyu Song Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Yida Li Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Shuang Li Department of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Mingming Gao School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Teng Si School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Yuxin Zhang School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Tangshan Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Medicine Development, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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Yajuan Qi School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Tangshan Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Medicine Development, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China

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reverse its progression. However, if Yap is involved in liver fibrosis induced by insulin resistance (IR) has not been reported. In this study, mouse liver fibrosis was induced by IR using HFD stimulation, and the liver YAP pathway and insulin pathway

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Eliana H Akamine Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Anderson C Marçal Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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João Paulo Camporez Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Mara S Hoshida Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Luciana C Caperuto Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Estela Bevilacqua Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Carla R O Carvalho Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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the development of the syndrome in susceptible women ( Pasquali & Casimirri 1993 , Legro 2000 , Metwally et al . 2007 ). The major factor underlying the adverse metabolic consequences of obesity is believed to be insulin resistance. The reduction in

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Ya Liu Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xiaoqing Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Ye Xiao Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Changjun Li Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yan Huang Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Qi Guo Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Tian Su Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Lei Fu Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Liping Luo Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as more than 70% of patients with T2DM have NAFLD ( Tilg et al. 2017 , Younossi et al. 2019 ). Both diseases share some common pathological features including hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance

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Marco Hatem-Vaquero Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Mercedes Griera Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Andrea García-Jerez Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Alicia Luengo Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Julia Álvarez Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain

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José A Rubio Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain

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Laura Calleros Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Diego Rodríguez-Puyol Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Biomedical Research Foundation and Nephrology Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain

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Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Sergio De Frutos Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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type 2 diabetes, MS and aging, GLUT4 expression is reduced in peripheral tissue, which may play a role in increasing insulin resistance ( Shepherd & Kahn 1999 , Gaster et al. 2001 , Zeyda & Stulnig 2009 ). Moreover, some medical therapies for type 2

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Adina Maniu Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Graham W Aberdeen Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Terrie J Lynch Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Jerry L Nadler Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Soon O K Kim Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Michael J Quon Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Gerald J Pepe Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Eugene D Albrecht Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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action. Thus, mice lacking estrogen receptor α (ERα (ESR1)) exhibit insulin resistance within skeletal muscle and liver ( Bryzgalova et al . 2006 , Ribas et al . 2011 , ­ Manrique et al . 2012 ). In humans and rodents, mutation of the aromatase gene

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Julie Takada Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Miriam Helena Fonseca-Alaniz Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Tarcila Beatriz Ferraz de Campos Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Sandra Andreotti Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Amanda Baron Campana Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maristela Okamoto Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Cristina das Neves Borges-Silva Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Ubiratan Fabres Machado Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Fabio Bessa Lima Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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metabolic syndrome, leading to a greater free fatty acid (FFA) flux, which inhibits insulin action in insulin-sensitive tissues ( Randle et al . 1963 ). Insulin resistance coupled with obesity triggers many metabolic abnormalities that increase

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Richard R Almon
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Debra C DuBois
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Jin Y Jin
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William J Jusko
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increased gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney, net muscle-protein breakdown to provide gluconeogenic substrates, insulin resistance of peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle, and lipid mobilization. Glucocorticoids also suppress

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