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Introduction As a major metabolic tissue, skeletal muscle constitutes 40% of the total body mass and plays a predominant role in postprandial glucose disposal in humans ( DeFronzo et al. 1981 ). Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is an
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, of which the significant majority would be of >40 years old ( IDF 2013 ). Of these, 90% suffer from type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is characterised by both β-cell failure and resistance to the actions of insulin at the tissue level (insulin resistance
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Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Renmin Hospital, Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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, and metabolic energy balance ( Chatterjee et al . 2014 ). Although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, adipose tissue inflammation has been acknowledged as a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and
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Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Tangshan Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Medicine Development, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Tangshan Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Medicine Development, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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reverse its progression. However, if Yap is involved in liver fibrosis induced by insulin resistance (IR) has not been reported. In this study, mouse liver fibrosis was induced by IR using HFD stimulation, and the liver YAP pathway and insulin pathway
Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
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the development of the syndrome in susceptible women ( Pasquali & Casimirri 1993 , Legro 2000 , Metwally et al . 2007 ). The major factor underlying the adverse metabolic consequences of obesity is believed to be insulin resistance. The reduction in
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with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as more than 70% of patients with T2DM have NAFLD ( Tilg et al. 2017 , Younossi et al. 2019 ). Both diseases share some common pathological features including hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Biomedical Research Foundation and Nephrology Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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type 2 diabetes, MS and aging, GLUT4 expression is reduced in peripheral tissue, which may play a role in increasing insulin resistance ( Shepherd & Kahn 1999 , Gaster et al. 2001 , Zeyda & Stulnig 2009 ). Moreover, some medical therapies for type 2
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action. Thus, mice lacking estrogen receptor α (ERα (ESR1)) exhibit insulin resistance within skeletal muscle and liver ( Bryzgalova et al . 2006 , Ribas et al . 2011 , Manrique et al . 2012 ). In humans and rodents, mutation of the aromatase gene
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metabolic syndrome, leading to a greater free fatty acid (FFA) flux, which inhibits insulin action in insulin-sensitive tissues ( Randle et al . 1963 ). Insulin resistance coupled with obesity triggers many metabolic abnormalities that increase
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increased gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney, net muscle-protein breakdown to provide gluconeogenic substrates, insulin resistance of peripheral tissues including skeletal muscle, and lipid mobilization. Glucocorticoids also suppress