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Mehmet Uzumcu Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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Peter E Kuhn Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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Jason E Marano Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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AnnMarie E Armenti Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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Lisa Passantino Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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Introduction The primary functions of the mammalian ovary are steroidogenesis and ovulation, processes that are intricately connected to folliculogenesis. Primordial follicles are formed from oocyte nests after synchronous oocyte

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Fabio V Comim Imperial College London, Institute of Biodiversity, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, London W12 0NN, UK

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Kate Hardy Imperial College London, Institute of Biodiversity, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, London W12 0NN, UK

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Jane Robinson Imperial College London, Institute of Biodiversity, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, London W12 0NN, UK

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Stephen Franks Imperial College London, Institute of Biodiversity, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, London W12 0NN, UK

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women, affecting 5–10% of females of reproductive age ( Franks 1995 , Diamanti-Kandarakis et al . 1999 ). PCOS is clinically evident at puberty, but emerging

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Miguel del Campo Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana, Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies on Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

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Néstor Lagos Laboratorio Bioquímica de Membrana, Departamento de Fisiología y Biofísica de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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Hernán Lara Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies on Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile

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Introduction High testosterone plasma levels and the presence of fluid-filled follicles (cysts) that do not ovulate characterize polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the most prevalent ovarian pathology in women, affecting 5–12% of women

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S Peña Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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M Rubio Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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C Vargas Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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C Alanis Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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AH Paredes Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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cycle-dependent manner, with maximal expression coinciding with the time of potential implantation in humans ( Suman et al. 2013 , Rosario & Stewart 2016 ). Otherwise, LIF and its receptors are expressed in the human fetal ovary and may directly

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P D Taylor
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S G Hillier
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H M Fraser
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Introduction The ovary is one of few organs in the body to undergo serial angiogenesis which is intimately involved in ovarian follicle development ( Fraser & Wulff 2001 , Wulff et al. 2001 b , 2002 , Zimmermann et al. 2001

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J R V Silva
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R van den Hurk
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H T A van Tol
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B A J Roelen
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J R Figueiredo
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activin β subunits gives rise to three forms of activin, that is, activin A (βAβA), activin B (βBβB) and activin AB (βAβB). Both βA and βB subunits can also combine with the α subunit and form inhibin-A (αβA) and -B (αβB) respectively. In the ovary

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V Tripathi Department of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
Department of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

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A Krishna Department of Zoology, Department of Animal Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

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hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis, its involvement in mechanisms regulating the reproductive processes is quite obvious ( Rosselli et al . 1998 , Dixit & Parvizi 2001 ). In ovary, expression and activity of eNOS and iNOS varies greatly in different animal

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Xinyu Qi Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

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Chuyu Yun Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

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Baoying Liao Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China

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Jie Qiao Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Beijing, China

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Yanli Pang Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in women of reproductive age. The prevalence of PCOS is approximately 5–10% ( Norman et al. 2007 ). It is characterized by a

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S Elis Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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J Dupont Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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I Couty Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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L Persani Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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M Govoroun Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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E Blesbois Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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F Batellier Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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P Monget Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F Rabelais de Tours, Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Introduction Recent evidence indicates that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are expressed in a cell-specific manner in the mammalian ovary, and they play key roles in the regulation of folliculogenesis, ovulation, and corpus

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Chau Thien Tay Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia

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Rhonda Garrad Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

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Aya Mousa Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

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Mahnaz Bahri Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

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Anju Joham Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia

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Helena Teede Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic complex multisystem disorder that affects 8–13% of reproductive-aged women and 3–11% of adolescent girls depending on the population studied and the diagnostic criteria applied

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