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Introduction Preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, has been described for centuries, and the physiology has been studied intensively for decades. Still, effective therapies have proven elusive. One barrier to our

bioavailability of which is aided by proteases ( Lala & Hamilton 1996 , Salamonsen 1999 ). One of the critical proteases involved in normal placental development is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPPA; Sun et al . 2002 ), which is produced by human

Introduction Pregnancy presents as a unique situation of endocrine pancreas β-cell adaptation that reverses after parturition. Late pregnancy is characterized by a state of peripheral maternal insulin resistance mediated by placental hormones

Introduction To accommodate the dynamic energy demands of pregnancy, while still maintaining metabolic homeostasis, significant alterations to maternal metabolism are required ( Fig. 1 ). Impaired or inappropriate maternal adaptations can

et al. 2004 ). During pregnancy, maternal and foetal growth is enabled by a substantial increase in food intake and substrate re-partitioning ( Abelenda & Puerta 1987 , Herrera et al. 2000 ). To this end, maternal insulin sensitivity

Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is increasing in incidence, occurs during pregnancy with impaired glucose tolerance. GDM has a deleterious impact on the life of the mother and fetus both during and after pregnancy. GDM

pregnancy. Moreover, we present here that AGRP is also expressed in placenta during late pregnancy, which not only may influence energy homeostasis in the mother, but also may affect fetus development. Material and Methods Animals In this experiment, female

, senescent cells are associated with pregnancy complications, such as preterm births. However, cellular senescence is also implicated in maintaining proper homeostasis during pregnancy, human parturition ( Behnia et al. 2015 ) and fetal development ( Muñoz

resistant states of pregnancy and obesity ( Butler et al . 2007 ). Studying states in which insulin needs change can provide insight into pathways mediating β cell adaptations. In mice, β cell mass increases about twofold during pregnancy, with a maximum

of pregnancy, embryo implantation and endometrial decidualization are considered as two of the most crucial steps which have a determinant impact on successful pregnancy ( Patterson et al . 2017 ). After embryo implantation, stromal cells around the