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Iyad H Manaserh Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Emily Maly Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Marziyeh Jahromi Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Lakshmikanth Chikkamenahalli Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Joshua Park Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Jennifer Hill Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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H Dannals R Wagner H Thorne D Popp K Rowland L , 2000 Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity . Journal of

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C García-Luna Department of Neurosciences Research, Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico

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P Soberanes-Chávez Department of Neurosciences Research, Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico

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P de Gortari Department of Neurosciences Research, Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico

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Rhythms of ghrelin, leptin, and sleep in rats: effects of the normal diurnal cycle, restricted feeding, and sleep deprivation . American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287 R1071 – R1079 . ( doi:10

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J E Digby Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwickshire Nuffield Hospital, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV32 6RW, UK

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J Chen Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwickshire Nuffield Hospital, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV32 6RW, UK

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J Y Tang Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwickshire Nuffield Hospital, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV32 6RW, UK

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H Lehnert Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwickshire Nuffield Hospital, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV32 6RW, UK

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R N Matthews Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwickshire Nuffield Hospital, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV32 6RW, UK

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H S Randeva Warwick Medical School, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwickshire Nuffield Hospital, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV32 6RW, UK

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into the central nervous system, resulting in multiple physiological functions, including the control of arousal and sleep–wake cycle, regulation of cardiovascular and autonomic function, and the neuroendocrine system ( Ida et al. 1999 , Samson et

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Luba Sominsky School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Christine L Jasoni School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Hannah R Twigg School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Sarah J Spencer School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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responsiveness, reproduction, thermoregulation, sleep circadian rhythms and others ( Fig. 1 ). For example, the neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP)- and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)/cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)- containing

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Marian Joëls Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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explanations and treatment considerations . Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 17 141 – 150 . 26246789 Friess E Schmid D Modell S Brunner H Lauer CJ Holsboer F Ising M 2008 Dex/CRH-test response and sleep in depressed patients and healthy controls

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J Naufahu Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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F Alzaid Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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M Fiuza Brito Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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B Doslikova Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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T Valencia Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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A Cunliffe Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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J F Murray Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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did not sleep at the facility overnight. Body composition Subjects were subdivided into four groups based on the American College of Sports Medicine’s body fat percentage cut-off points: male lean (ML) = body fat % <21%; male excess fat (ME

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Alberto Loizzo
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Santi M Spampinato Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Gabriele Campana Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Stefano Vella
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Andrea Fortuna
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Loredana Costa
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Anna Capasso Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Palmiero Monteleone Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Paolo Renzi Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Stefano Loizzo
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under the skin of its back (s.c.) with sterile saline (1 ml/kg body weight). The double-stress model consisted therefore of brief mother deprivation plus sham injection pain. Ten minutes later, they returned to the home cage with mother. The procedure

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Lauren E MacDonald Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1

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Sarah L Alderman Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1

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Sarah Kramer Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1

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Patrick T K Woo Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1

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Nicholas J Bernier Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1

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values. This relationship between anorexia, parasitemia and anemia has been previously reported in C. salmositica -infected fish ( Woo 1979 , Chin et al . 2004 ) and in mammals infected with the causative agent of sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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C E Higham Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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secretion. Secretion of ghrelin is decreased by food intake and increased by food deprivation, hypoglycaemia and leptin administration ( Camina et al . 2003 ). Plasma ghrelin is reduced in obese subjects and increased in malnourished subjects. In addition

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Katie Wynne Endocrine Unit, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK

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Sarah Stanley Endocrine Unit, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK

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Barbara McGowan Endocrine Unit, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK

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Steve Bloom Endocrine Unit, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK

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within the VMH, where its expression is reduced markedly by food deprivation ( Xu et al. 2003 ), and also regulated by melanocortin agonists. Mice with reduced BDNF receptor expression or reduced BDNF signalling have significantly increased food intake

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