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Kimberley C W Wang Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Kimberley J Botting Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Song Zhang Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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I Caroline McMillen Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Doug A Brooks Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Janna L Morrison Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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al . 2007 ). In humans, reduced growth before birth is also associated with altered left ventricular mass ( Vijayakumar et al . 1995 ), with intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses having a larger heart relative to their body weight ( Veille

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Thin Xuan Vo Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1

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Andrew Revesz Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1

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Gurjeev Sohi Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1

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Noelle Ma Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1

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Daniel B Hardy Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Children's Health Research Institute, The Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1

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Introduction Epidemiological evidence suggests that adverse events in utero (e.g. placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (PI-IUGR)) can permanently alter physiological processes leading to hypertension and type 2 diabetes

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Xiaochuan Chen Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Amy C Kelly School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Dustin T Yates School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Antoni R Macko School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Ronald M Lynch Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Sean W Limesand School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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-induced intrauterine growth restriction (PI-IUGR), glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was attenuated, in part, by elevated catecholamine concentrations ( Limesand et al. 2006 , Macko et al. 2016 ). Pharmacological adrenergic blockade in IUGR sheep fetuses

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Clare M Reynolds Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Mark H Vickers Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Rodent models have played a key role in our understanding of adipokines in the development of a range of programming-mediated disorders ( Bouret 2010 , Vickers & Sloboda 2012 a ). In the setting of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), the predictive

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Pierre Hofstee School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport

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Janelle James-McAlpine School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia

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Daniel R McKeating School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport

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Jessica J Vanderlelie The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

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James S M Cuffe The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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Anthony V Perkins The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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gender (M/F) 88/84  Ave birth weight (g) 3212 ± 51.60  Gestational length 38 ± 0.18  Pregnancy complications Negative Positive  HDP 166 16  IUGR/LBW/SGA 145 37  PTB 151 31  PP 166 16

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K L Franko Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A J Forhead Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A L Fowden Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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programming of postnatal metabolism has been demonstrated in a number of species using a range of different techniques to induce intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) including maternal stress and glucocorticoid administration (see McMillen & Robinson 2005

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Joyce Wang
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Qing Qiu Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Maliha Haider Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Michael Bell Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Andrée Gruslin Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6

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Julian K Christians
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restriction (IUGR; Jackson et al . 1995 , Salafia et al . 1995 ), and preeclampsia ( Redman & Sargent 2005 ). During the formation of the placenta in primates and rodents, the epithelium of the uterus is eroded by embryonic trophoblasts, which eventually

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Sean W Limesand School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Kent L Thornburg Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Jane E Harding Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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-6736(89)90710-1 ) Chatmethakul T Roghair RD 2019 Risk of hypertension following perinatal adversity: IUGR and prematurity . Journal of Endocrinology 242 T21 – T32 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-18-0687 ) 10.1530/JOE-18-0687) Chattergoon NN 2019 Thyroid

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Patrycja A Jazwiec Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
The Farncombe Family Digestive Diseases Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

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Deborah M Sloboda Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
The Farncombe Family Digestive Diseases Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

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females Numerous studies have shown that FGR or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with altered development and reproductive dysfunction in offspring ( Cooper et al. 1996 , Sloboda et al. 2007 , Ibanez et al. 2011 ). Indeed low

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A J Forhead Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A L Fowden Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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. 1992 , Fisher 1997 ). A variety of thyroid hormone transporters are expressed in the human placenta and show changes during normal development and in cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR; Chan et al . 2009 , Loubiere et al . 2010 ). In

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