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Lisa M Arendt
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Lindsay C Evans
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Debra E Rugowski
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Maria Jose Garcia-Barchino Department of Comparative Biosciences, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Hallgeir Rui Department of Comparative Biosciences, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA

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Linda A Schuler
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preventative and therapeutic approaches with minimal side effects. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a high correlation between circulating PRL and the risk of breast tumors that express estrogen receptor α (ERα also known as ESR1), which is independent

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Koen D Flach Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Wilbert Zwart Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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this disease every year ( Ferlay et al. 2015 ). Approximately 70% of breast tumors are estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive, and tumor cell proliferation is thought to be dependent on the activity of this hormone-mediated transcription factor ( Hayashi

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Mi Ae Cho
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Mi Kyung Lee
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Kee-Hyun Nam
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Woung Youn Chung
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Cheong Soo Park
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Ju Hyeong Lee
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Taewoong Noh
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Woo Ick Yang
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Yumie Rhee
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Sung-Kil Lim
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Hyun Chul Lee
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Eun Jig Lee
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-specific signaling may offer an alternative approach ( Petrangolini et al . 2006 ). Parafollicular C cells secrete a polypeptide hormone, calcitonin. Previously, it has been demonstrated that calcitonin gene expression is elevated in response to estrogen

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Rukmani Pandey Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Pallavi Shukla Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Baby Anjum Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Himanshu Pawankumar Gupta Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Subhashis Pal Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Nidhi Arjaria Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR–IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Keerti Gupta Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Naibedya Chattopadhyay Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Rohit A Sinha Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Introduction The primary female sex hormone, estrogen, activates its receptors, ERα and ERβ, and exhibits physiological functions within the brain ( Mukai et al. 2010 , Hara et al. 2015 ). Correspondingly, ovarian failure and estrogen

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Wenjing Wu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Jiayao Fu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Yijing Gu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Yu Wei Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Pengfei Ma Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Junhua Wu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Osteoporosis commonly occurs in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency and can cause serious bone loss and fractures ( Rachner et al. 2011 ). It is now known that estrogen acts directly on osteoblast lineage cells

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Ekaterine Tskitishvili Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Christel Pequeux Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Carine Munaut Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Renaud Viellevoye Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Liege, CHR de la CITADELLE, Liege, Belgium

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Michelle Nisolle Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liege, CHR de la CITADELLE, Liege, Belgium

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Agnes Noël Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Jean-Michel Foidart Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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( Shankaran et al . 2005 ). So far, no medical treatment provides important neuroprotection against neonatal HIE. E4 is a natural human fetal estrogen with selective estrogen receptor modulator activity (SERM) ( Abot et al . 2014 ). Its synthesis amounts

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Xi Tao Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Yaxin Xu Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Joseph Adu-Amankwaah Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Zheng Gong The School of Public Affairs & Governance, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Negros, Philippines

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Yuxuan Wang The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Fei Huang Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Hong Sun Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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( Hou et al. 2018 , Ndzie Noah et al. 2021 ), suggesting that estrogen may play an important role in maintaining female heart health. Further analysis in ascending aorta samples from premenopausal and postmenopausal women with atherosclerosis showed

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C Gérard Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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S Blacher Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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L Communal Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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A Courtin Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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E Tskitishvili Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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M Mestdagt Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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C Munaut Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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A Noel Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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A Gompel Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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C Péqueux Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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J M Foidart Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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). Prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogens in case of early age at menarche or late menopause increases the risk of breast cancer development, while an early menopause has a protective effect ( Fenton 2006 , Rudel et al . 2011 ). Interestingly, early

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Gary B Silberstein Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA

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Katharine Van Horn Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA

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Eva Hrabeta-Robinson Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA

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Jennifer Compton Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA

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Introduction The mammalian estrous cycle is an endocrine clock that communicates time through periodic oscillations in the concentration of the ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone. In tissues such as the mammary gland and

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Seiji Tsutsumi
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Xi Zhang
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Keiko Takata
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Kazuhiro Takahashi
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Richard H Karas Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Hirohisa Kurachi
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Michael E Mendelsohn Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Introduction Physiological effects of estrogen on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are mediated by two intracellular estrogen receptors (ESR1 and 2), which regulate transcription of target genes following ligand activation through binding to

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