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Katherine N Balantekin Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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Martin J Kretz Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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options that cause fewer side effects, to decrease the act of binge eating. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) system has become an area of intense research focus due to its ability to reduce food intake and body weight in humans and non-human animals

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Shou-Si Lu
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Yun-Li Yu
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Hao-Jie Zhu Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China

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Xiao-Dong Liu
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Li Liu
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Yao-Wu Liu
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Ping Wang
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Lin Xie
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Guang-Ji Wang
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play is an important role in the regulation of endocrine pancreatic secretion. The intestinal products of the proglucagon gene, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has been shown to contribute significantly to the overall insulin response to oral glucose

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Antonella Amato
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Sara Baldassano
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Rosa Liotta Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Rosa Serio
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Flavia Mulè
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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells in response to the ingestion of nutrients ( Schirra et al . 1996 ), is highly insulinotropic and an inhibitor of gastrointestinal motility, effects that

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Sara Baldassano Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Anna Lisa Bellanca Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Rosa Serio Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Flavia Mulè Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) is a 33-amino acid peptide, produced by the processing of the proglucagon gene within the mucosal L-cells of the intestine and specific neurons located in the brainstem. The actions of GLP2 are transduced

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Sara Baldassano Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO) and, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Antonella Amato Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO) and, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Francesco Cappello Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO) and, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Francesca Rappa Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO) and, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Flavia Mulè Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO) and, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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, including the proglucagon-derived peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), and GLP2, and there is evidence for a link among GLP2, intestinal growth, and increased energy intake ( Xiao et al . 1999 , Shin et al . 2005 , Nelson et al . 2008 ). GLP2 is a

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Guillaume Mabilleau GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et biomatériaux, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d’Angers, Université d’Angers, Angers, France

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Marie Pereira Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Chantal Chenu Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK

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needed, to reach an HbA 1C level of 7% or less. Among the most prescribed drugs, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have recently attracted attention as Glp-1r -knockout animals, and GLP-1-supplemented animals exhibited

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Jennifer A Crookshank Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Daniel Serrano Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Gen-Sheng Wang Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Christopher Patrick Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Baylie S Morgan Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Marie-France Paré Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Fraser W Scott Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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proteins were used: insulin (Agilent Technologies Canada Inc., Mississauga, Canada), proinsulin (Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, USA), glucagon (MilliporeSigma), BIP (Abcam Inc.). ImageJ (National Institute of Health) was used to quantify the insulin + and

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Guillaume Mabilleau Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Aleksandra Mieczkowska Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Nigel Irwin Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Peter R Flatt Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Daniel Chappard Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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al . 2010 ). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is a gut hormone synthesized and secreted into the blood stream by intestinal endocrine L cells in response to a variety of stimuli ( Wu et al . 2010 ). Biologically active GLP1 is secreted as a 7–37 or 7

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Jun-ichi Eiki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Kaori Saeki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Norihiro Nagano Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Tomoharu Iino Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Mari Yonemoto Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Yoko Takayenoki-Iino Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Satoru Ito Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Teruyuki Nishimura Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Yoshiyuki Sato Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Makoto Bamba Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Hitomi Watanabe Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Kaori Sasaki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Sumika Ohyama Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Akio Kanatani Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Toshio Nagase Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Toshihiko Yada Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells, and is well recognized as an incretin that induces insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner ( Drucker 2006 ). The functions of GLP-1 have been

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Leila Arbabi Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Qun Li Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Belinda A Henry Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Iain J Clarke Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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on GnRH secretion. Amongst other hormones, that regulate GnRH secretion, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from the gut and/or the brain has been shown to stimulate GnRH secretion, although the pathway for such an effect has not been elucidated. This

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