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Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Introduction Luteinizing hormone (LH) belongs to the heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone family whose other members are human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ( Cahoreau et
Local impact of thyroid hormone inactivation
Deiodinases: the balance of thyroid hormone
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Introduction Thyroid hormone action and deiodinases Thyroid hormones (THs) are iodinated compounds known to influence gene expression in virtually every vertebrate cell; they exert this function through ligand-dependent transcription factors, namely
Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Introduction Over the past 25 years, the many roles that thyroid hormone (TH) plays in regulating fetal development have come to light. Because maternal plasma thyroid hormone levels influence fetal levels, abnormal maternal thyroid hormone
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, cardenolides (poisons), saponins (vegetable soaps), and withanolides (plant defense substances). Present-day insects do not biosynthesize cholesterol de novo but metabolize dietary molecules such as cholesterol into ecdysteroids (moulting hormones). Nematodes
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’s disease ( Lamberts 2002 , Reimondo et al. 2003 ), PDH in dogs is characterized by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-induced hypercortisolism and reduced sensitivity to glucocorticoid feedback inhibition ( Rijnberk et al. 1988 a , Bosje et al. 2002
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Introduction Hormonal disturbance, in either secretion amount or function, often occurs in parallel with impairment of glucose/lipid/protein metabolism in obesity. Two pivotal hormones, insulin and growth hormone (GH), which synergistically
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signaling. Both positive and negative feedback loops within the hypothalamus and pituitary control steroid hormone production in the ovaries. Increased estrogen (E 2 ) drives the endometrium into the proliferative phase of the cycle. As the cycle progresses
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Girona ‘Dr Josep Trueta’, Institut D’investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) and University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Girona ‘Dr Josep Trueta’, Institut D’investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) and University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs; 3,3′,5,5′ tetraiodothyroxyne or T 4 and 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine or T 3 ) exert important biological actions, not only modulating the development and growth but also regulating metabolism and energy balance
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Introduction Estrogens and progestogens are the main female sexual hormones, both mainly synthesized and secreted to the blood by the ovaries (under pituitary control) and placenta and produced by the adrenal glands in both males and females
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Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain
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A, CAT-2B, CAT-3 and CAT-4), is the major cationic amino acid transport system and accounts for ~60% of the transport of the intracellular supply of L-arginine for NOS ( Verrey et al. 2004 ). Thyroid hormone excess is associated with a