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Carmen Sanz Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Isabel Roncero Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Patricia Vázquez Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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M Angeles Navas Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Enrique Blázquez Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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, Kang et al. 2006 ). At least two kinds of glucose sensor neurons have been identified in brain. Glucose-excited (GE) neurons are present mainly in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) neurons of the hypothalamus and they are excited by increased

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B. A. CROSS
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T. D. GLOVER
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SUMMARY

1. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves in adult male rabbits under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced immediate contractions of the cauda epididymidis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle, with emission of semen. Kymographic records were obtained of the contractions of the seminal vesicle.

2. Intravenous injections of 1–5 μg adrenaline gave similar effects, but with latencies of 7–30 sec. Measured by its action on the seminal vesicle, adrenaline was two to five times more potent than noradrenaline.

3. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal, lateral or posterior areas of the hypothalamus evoked an immediate contraction of the seminal vesicle followed by a delayed contractile effect. Contractions of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens also occurred.

4. The immediate response of the seminal vesicle to stimulation of the hypothalamus was abolished by section of the hypogastric nerves, and the delayed effect by adrenalectomy. After these interferences the two types of response could be simulated by stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut hypogastric nerves, and by injection of 1–5 μg adrenaline, respectively.

5. Neither electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis, nor injection of oxytocin or vasopressin induced a contraction of the seminal vesicle.

6. The results are discussed with reference to the influence of sexual excitation at coitus on the volume and quality of ejaculated semen.

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E Guillod-Maximin
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A F Roy
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C M Vacher
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A Aubourg
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V Bailleux
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A Lorsignol UMR 1197, UMR 5241 CNRS-UPS, Université Paris-Sud 11/INRA, NMPA, Bat 447, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

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L Pénicaud UMR 1197, UMR 5241 CNRS-UPS, Université Paris-Sud 11/INRA, NMPA, Bat 447, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

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M Parquet
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M Taouis
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muscles while Adipor2 predominates in the liver ( Yamauchi et al . 2003 ). Recently, they have also been described in rodent and human hypothalamus ( Kos et al . 2007 , Kubota et al . 2007 , Coope et al . 2008 ). These receptors present seven

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María Sol Kruse Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mariana Rey Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Cristina Vega Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Héctor Coirini Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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have emerged as promising targets to treat diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes ( Luoma 2011 ). The importance of the energy control of homeostasis by the CNS is now recognized. The CNS, especially through the hypothalamus, responds to

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Sayaka Akieda-Asai Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Paul-Emile Poleni Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Kazuya Hasegawa Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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Yukari Date Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan

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( Pelleymounter et al . 1995 , Farooqi et al . 1998 ). Leptin directly binds to its obesity receptor b (ObRb) receptors, which are located mainly in the hypothalamus and hindbrain; it promotes energy expenditure by stimulating JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway

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Miski Scerif Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Tamás Füzesi Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Julia D Thomas Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Blerina Kola Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Ashley B Grossman Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Csaba Fekete Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Márta Korbonits Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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effects via the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is widely expressed in the hypothalamus ( Wittmann et al . 2007 ), but also found in peripheral tissues including adipose tissues, liver and the myocardium ( Butler & Korbonits 2009 ). The

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Giulia Baldini Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Kevin D Phelan Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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’ AgRP/NPY neuron activity is increased by decreased circulation of leptin and insulin and by the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Both POMC and AgRP/NPY neurons have their cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and their axons project to the

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Kenshiro Shikano Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan

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Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Takaya Saito Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Yuki Narimatsu Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Atsuki Kadota Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Megumi Furumitsu Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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George E Bentley Department of Integrative Biology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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Lance J Kriegsfeld Department of Psychology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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Kazuyoshi Ukena Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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), retroperitoneal WAT (rWAT), the liver, and the hypothalamus were dissected from mice and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA processing at the conclusion of the NPGL infusion. Total RNA was extracted using QIAzol lysis reagent for WAT (Qiagen) or TRIzol reagent

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Yunshuang Yue Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China

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Yi Wang Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China

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Dan Li Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China

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Zhigang Song Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China

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Hongchao Jiao Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China

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Hai Lin Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China

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( Kim et al . 2011 ). It has been reported that cytokines have direct action on the central response to inflammatory stimuli, especially LPS ( Laye et al . 2000 , Sergeyev et al . 2001 , Ogimoto et al . 2006 ). In the hypothalamus, however, the

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Simin Younesi School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Alita Soch School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Microscopy Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Luba Sominsky School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Barwon Health Laboratory, Barwon Health, University Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Sarah J Spencer School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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weeks are associated with the finite stages of ovarian follicle pool assembly and an increase in steroidogenesis ( McGee & Hsueh 2000 ), with a peak in oestradiol levels at P15 ( Bell 2018 ). In the hypothalamus, GnRH mRNA levels and dendrite spine

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