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Erica Yeo Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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Patricia L Brubaker Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

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Deborah M Sloboda Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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Introduction To accommodate the dynamic energy demands of pregnancy, while still maintaining metabolic homeostasis, significant alterations to maternal metabolism are required ( Fig. 1 ). Impaired or inappropriate maternal adaptations can

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Sergio Caja Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Izaskun Martínez Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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María Abelenda Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Marisa Puerta Department of Animal Physiology II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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et al. 2004 ). During pregnancy, maternal and foetal growth is enabled by a substantial increase in food intake and substrate re-partitioning ( Abelenda & Puerta 1987 , Herrera et al. 2000 ). To this end, maternal insulin sensitivity

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Yan Cao Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Zijie Feng Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Xin He Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Xuyao Zhang Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Bowen Xing Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Yuan Wu Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Taylor Hojnacki Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Bryson W Katona Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Jian Ma Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Xiaorong Zhan Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
Department of Endocrinology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China

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Xianxin Hua Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is increasing in incidence, occurs during pregnancy with impaired glucose tolerance. GDM has a deleterious impact on the life of the mother and fetus both during and after pregnancy. GDM

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Dawid Szczepankiewicz Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Przemyslaw Kaczmarek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Marek Skrzypski Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Karolina Andralojc Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Tatiana Wojciechowicz Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Maciej Sassek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Krzysztof W Nowak Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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pregnancy. Moreover, we present here that AGRP is also expressed in placenta during late pregnancy, which not only may influence energy homeostasis in the mother, but also may affect fetus development. Material and Methods Animals In this experiment, female

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Michael C Velarde Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA

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Ramkumar Menon Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
Department of Clinical Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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, senescent cells are associated with pregnancy complications, such as preterm births. However, cellular senescence is also implicated in maintaining proper homeostasis during pregnancy, human parturition ( Behnia et al. 2015 ) and fetal development ( Muñoz

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B T Layden
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V Durai
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M V Newman
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A M Marinelarena
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C W Ahn
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G Feng Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Biomedical Informatics Center, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Genomics Core, Medical Biotechnology Center, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 15, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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S Lin Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Biomedical Informatics Center, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Genomics Core, Medical Biotechnology Center, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 15, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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X Zhang Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Biomedical Informatics Center, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Genomics Core, Medical Biotechnology Center, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 15, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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D B Kaufman Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Biomedical Informatics Center, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Genomics Core, Medical Biotechnology Center, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 15, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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N Jafari Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Biomedical Informatics Center, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Genomics Core, Medical Biotechnology Center, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 15, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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G L Sørensen Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University Biomedical Informatics Center, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Genomics Core, Medical Biotechnology Center, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 15, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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W L Lowe Jr
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resistant states of pregnancy and obesity ( Butler et al . 2007 ). Studying states in which insulin needs change can provide insight into pathways mediating β cell adaptations. In mice, β cell mass increases about twofold during pregnancy, with a maximum

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Yan Su Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Sujuan Guo Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Chunyan Liu Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Na Li Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Shuang Zhang Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Yubin Ding Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xuemei Chen Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Junlin He Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xueqing Liu Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Yingxiong Wang Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Rufei Gao Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction & Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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of pregnancy, embryo implantation and endometrial decidualization are considered as two of the most crucial steps which have a determinant impact on successful pregnancy ( Patterson et al . 2017 ). After embryo implantation, stromal cells around the

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Jiju Wang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Yunhui Tang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Songcun Wang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Liyuan Cui Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Dajin Li Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Meirong Du Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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). Physiological or psychological stressors that induce the sympathetic nervous system’s ‘fight-or-flight’ response can rapidly increase the norepinephrine (NE) level ( Tank & Lee Wong 2015 ). However, the effect of NE on reproductive toxicity in early pregnancy

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Giuseppina Mattace Raso Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Giuseppe Bianco Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Anna Iacono Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Emanuela Esposito Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Giuseppina Autore Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Maria Carmela Ferrante Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Antonio Calignano Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Rosaria Meli Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples, ‘Federico II’, via D. Montesano, 49-80131 Naples, Italy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy
Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Introduction During pregnancy, several neuroendocrine changes and energy metabolism alterations occur. In this hypermetabolic state, a great increase in maternal body fat and weight and a positive energy balance are well recognized

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Tracy Josephs Departments of Biochemistry and
Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Hayley Waugh Departments of Biochemistry and
Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Ilona Kokay Departments of Biochemistry and
Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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David Grattan Departments of Biochemistry and
Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Mary Thompson Departments of Biochemistry and
Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Introduction Pregnancy and lactation are physiological situations where major changes in energy homeostasis occur to meet the nutrient demands of fetal growth and milk production. The energy needs are met by increased food intake

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