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D. J. HILL
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M. J. O. FRANCIS
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R. D. G. MILNER
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Rat prolactin at a concentration of 50 ng/ml perfusion medium stimulated the production of somatomedin-like activity (SLA) from the perfused liver of normal rats. The effect was demonstrable in perfusions performed at 11.00 h in which rat prolactin caused a mean (±s.e.m.) increase in the uptake of [35S]sulphate into rat costal cartilage in vitro of 64 ± 14% in comparison with controls, but at 15.00 h no effect was observed. No effect of rat prolactin on hypophysectomized rat liver was detectable at 11.00 h.

Hypophysectomized and sham-operated rats were given five intravenous injections of 50 μg rat prolactin or a similar volume of hormone solvent at 12 h intervals. Plasma somatomedin activity (SMA) and cartilage metabolism, measured by the uptake of radioactive sulphate and thymidine by costal cartilage in vitro, were similar in hypophysectomized animals given rat prolactin or hormone solvent. Sham-operated rats given rat prolactin showed a significant increase of plasma SMA and cartilage metabolism compared with control animals.

The production of SLA by rat liver in response to rat prolactin may be related to the density of specific hepatic lactogenic receptors, since these are absent or present only in low numbers in hypophysectomized animals.

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O Kosti Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, First Floor, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 M 6BQ, UK
Metabolic and Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL, London, UK

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P W Raven Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, First Floor, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 M 6BQ, UK
Metabolic and Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL, London, UK

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D Renshaw Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, First Floor, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 M 6BQ, UK
Metabolic and Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL, London, UK

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J P Hinson Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, First Floor, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 M 6BQ, UK
Metabolic and Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL, London, UK

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Introduction The Maudsley reactive (MR) and nonreactive (MNR) rat strains were originally selected for differences in open-field defecation, an action reflecting ‘fearfulness’ ( Broadhurst 1957 ). Since MRs defecate the most, while

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Hiroki Saito
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Tomoya Nakamachi Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anatomy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan

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Kazuhiko Inoue
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Ryuji Ikeda Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anatomy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan

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Kazuo Kitamura Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anatomy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan

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Naoto Minamino Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anatomy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan

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Seiji Shioda Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anatomy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan

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Atsuro Miyata
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been detected in rat gastrointestinal tissues, spinal cord, pancreas, pituitary gland, and several brain areas ( Ohki-Hamazaki 2000 ). NMB binds to its receptor (NMBR) – expressed in mouse brain, esophagus, intestine, testis, and uterus – to regulate

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Kouki Mori Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine and
Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan

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Katsumi Yoshida Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine and
Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan

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Ayumi Komatsu Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine and
Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan

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Jun-ichi Tani Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine and
Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan

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Yoshinori Nakagawa Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine and
Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan

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Saeko Hoshikawa Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine and
Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan

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Sadayoshi Ito Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine and
Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan

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augments interferon-γ (IFNγ)-induced class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression ( Weetman & Rees 1988 , Zakarija et al. 1988 ). In FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells, TNFα induces interferon regulatory factor-1 ( Mori et al. 1999 ), which

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J Varayoud Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C C 242, Santa Fe, Argentina

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J G Ramos Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C C 242, Santa Fe, Argentina

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L Monje Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C C 242, Santa Fe, Argentina

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V Bosquiazzo Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C C 242, Santa Fe, Argentina

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M Muñoz-de-Toro Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C C 242, Santa Fe, Argentina

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E H Luque Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, C C 242, Santa Fe, Argentina

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activating protein-1 (AP-1) sites, depending upon the structural properties of the ligand ( Paech et al. 1997 ). The rat uterus, a major target tissue for ovarian steroids, has served as an excellent model for studying hormonal regulation of ERα

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T Sakurai Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Horinouchi, 1432-1, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan

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K Tamura Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Horinouchi, 1432-1, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan

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H Kogo Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Horinouchi, 1432-1, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan

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. 1998 ). In addition, PGE 2 reverses the inhibition of in vitro angiogenesis of rat aortic endothelial cells that is caused by the COX-II inhibitor NS-398 ( Jones et al. 1999 ). We recently found that the activity of COX-II may be related to the

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Mehmet Uzumcu Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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Peter E Kuhn Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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Jason E Marano Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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AnnMarie E Armenti Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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Lisa Passantino Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8525, USA

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10) exposure to MXC on pre-pubertal (P20) ovarian folliculogenesis and AMH production in the ovary has not been studied. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the estrogenic endocrine disruptor MXC on the rat ovary when

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Binbin Guan Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China
Department of Endocrinology, FuJian Union hospital, Fuzhou, P R China

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Wenyi Li Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Fengying Li Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Yun Xie Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Qicheng Ni Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Yanyun Gu Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Xiaoying Li Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Qidi Wang Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Hongli Zhang Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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Guang Ning Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China

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, Metukuri et al . 2012 , Zhang et al . 2012 ). In rat and mouse models, glucose infusion in vivo also results in an approximately 50% increase in β-cell proliferation ( Bonner-Weir et al . 1989 , Alonso et al . 2007 , Zhang et al . 2012 ). Glucose

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Jia Fang Wang Lawson Health Research Institute, Medicine, Paediatrics, St Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2 Departments of

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David J Hill Lawson Health Research Institute, Medicine, Paediatrics, St Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2 Departments of
Lawson Health Research Institute, Medicine, Paediatrics, St Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2 Departments of
Lawson Health Research Institute, Medicine, Paediatrics, St Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2 Departments of
Lawson Health Research Institute, Medicine, Paediatrics, St Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, Room H404, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4V2 Departments of

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Introduction Both islet endocrine cells and acinar tissue develop from pancreatic epithelium cells during the fetal and neonatal development of the rat, and in the human fetus ( Cerf 2006 , Murtaugh 2007 ). The initial development of both lineages

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S Peña Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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M Rubio Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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C Vargas Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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C Alanis Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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AH Paredes Center for Neurobiochemical studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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cumulus–oocyte complexes, indicating that it directly influences oocyte development ( Mo et al. 2014 ). Moreover, LIF stimulates the transition from primordial to primary follicle and supports primordial follicle viability in rat, murine and goat ovary

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