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Introduction Animal studies of prenatal stress, environmental enrichment and maternal separation have shown that events early in life can alter the set points of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and corticotropin
Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Via Genova 3, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Via Genova 3, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Via Genova 3, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Via Genova 3, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Via Genova 3, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Via Genova 3, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Via Genova 3, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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intracellular glucose oxidation ( Nishikawa et al. 2000 ), which leads to an increase in reactive species production ( Bonnefont-Rousselot 2002 , Evans et al. 2002 ): in both man and experimentally diabetic rats, oxidative stress seems to play a central
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of the vasopressin 1b receptor (AVPR1B; Aguilera et al . 1994 ). AVP levels and secretion, as well as AVP mRNA expression within the parvocellular PVN, increase in response to repeated exposure to stressors such as restraint ( de Goeij et al
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Introduction In a situation of extreme emotional or physical stress, a high plasma concentration of catecholamines, especially epinephrine (Epi), results in cardiac dysfunction. This has been linked to the development of wall motion
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DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), Lübeck, Germany
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acute or chronic stress situations ( Dallman et al . 2004 ): (1) Under physiological conditions, glucocorticoids stimulate caloric intake. (2) High glucocorticoids after acute stress elevate blood glucose to ensure adequate substrate for brain and
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neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews 87 873–904. Copyright 2007 the American Physiological Society. Within this broader view of neuroendocrinology in relation to brain–body communication, we modified the
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Introduction The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a pivotal role in the neuroendocrine stress response. Glucocorticoids (corticosterone in rodents, cortisol in humans), synthesized mainly in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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pathologies ( Fahmi et al. 2004 , Breton 2013 , Devlin et al. 2013 , Johnsen et al. 2013 , Gonzalez-Bulnes et al. 2014 ). Early life exposure to stress induces plasticity of the HPA axis and is associated with either hyper-responsiveness to a
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Introduction With the accelerated pace of modern life, people often experience stress due to various internal and external environmental, social, and psychological factors ( Zghyer et al. 2021 ). Stress has dual effects on human health
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obesity, stimulates the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as bioactive substances called ‘adipokines’, which increase generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ( Fernández-Sánchez et al. 2011 ). Indeed, inflammation, oxidative stress and