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Alicia J Klecha Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ana M Genaro Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Gabriela Gorelik Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Laura Barreiro Arcos Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Dafne Magalí Silberman Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mariano Schuman Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvia I Garcia Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Carlos Pirola Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Graciela A Cremaschi Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 15, Primera Cátedra de Farmacología, 1121 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, AV. Combatients de Malvinas 3105, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina

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( Pawlikowski et al. 1994 ). Interactions between pituitary–thyroid hormones and the immune system are mainly based on the existence of receptors for thyreotropic and thyroid hormones on lymphocytes or on the frequent immune alterations observed in

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Camila Calvino
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Luana L Souza
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Ricardo H Costa-e-Sousa
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Norma A S Almeida Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edificio do Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Bloco G CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Isis H Trevenzoli
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Carmen C Pazos-Moura
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al . 1997 , Ahima & Flier 2000 , Seoane et al . 2000 , Ortiga-Carvalho et al . 2002 , Cabanelas et al . 2006 , Araujo et al . 2009 ). Leptin has been shown to stimulate the hypothalamic production of TRH ( Legradi et al . 1997 , Friedman

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Isabela Teixeira Bonomo Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Patrícia Cristina Lisboa Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Magna Cottini Fonseca Passos Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Simone Bezerra Alves Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Adelina Martha Reis Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Egberto Gaspar de Moura Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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-iodinated/h mg of protein. Protein was measured by the method described by Bradford (1976) . In vitro TRH-stimulated TSH release Pituitaries of C and BRO groups were quickly dissected out. The anterior pituitary was separated from the posterior pituitary and

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Sjoerd D Joustra Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Onno C Meijer Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Charlotte A Heinen Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Isabel M Mol Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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El Houari Laghmani Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Rozemarijn M A Sengers Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Carreno Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Nienke R Biermasz Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan M Wit Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Wilma Oostdijk Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Ans M M van Pelt Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Geert Hamer Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Gerry T M Wagenaar Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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cell function through paracrine signaling ( Lejeune et al . 1992 ). It is unknown whether TRH receptor ( Trhr1 ) mRNA expression in Leydig cells is decreased in Igsf1 Δ ex1 mice, as occurs in the pituitary of these mice ( Sun et al . 2012 ). Future

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M A L Costa da Veiga Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS-BlocoG-Cidade Universitária, IIha do Fundão, 21949.900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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K de Jesus Oliveira Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS-BlocoG-Cidade Universitária, IIha do Fundão, 21949.900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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F H Curty Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS-BlocoG-Cidade Universitária, IIha do Fundão, 21949.900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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C C Pazos de Moura Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS-BlocoG-Cidade Universitária, IIha do Fundão, 21949.900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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reduction of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) content, serum thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone concentrations induced by fasting ( Ahima et al. 1996 , Seoane et al. 2000 ). Also in humans, the marked suppression of TSH secretion

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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J Kwakkel Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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X G Vos Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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W M Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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) and decreased thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) ( Blake et al. 1991 ). Locally produced T 3 by D2 has been proposed to contribute to the decrease in TRH expression in the PVN, which induces

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Emmely M de Vries Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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genes involved in the production and release of T 4 and T 3 are severely affected by high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( Bartalena et al . 1998 ). In addition, acute inflammation in mice reduced thyroidal TSH-receptor expression

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Domenico Salvatore Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples 80131, Italy

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- and time-dependent fashion. The primary mechanism of TH action involves the binding of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) to its nuclear receptors in the context of regulatory TH response elements in target genes. In humans, the thyroid produces the pro

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Eun-Jin Kang Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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So-Hye Hong Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Eon Lee Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Seung Chul Kim Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Hoe-Saeng Yang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Pyong in Yi Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Sang-Myeong Lee College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

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Beum-Soo An Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), neurotensin and oxytocin. Internal milieu such as suckling, stress and increased levels of ovarian steroids modulate PRF and PIF activities, which transduce PRL-regulating signals ( Meites et al . 1963 , Neill 1970

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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J Kwakkel Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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W M Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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in rats starvation results in decreased serum thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and decreased TSH releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) associated with a modest

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