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Julian C Lui Section on Growth and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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of chondroprogenitor cells at postnatal P2 and P28 ( Newton et al . 2019 ) and identified differences in several pathways including extracellular matrix, Wnt signaling, and ERK1/2 signaling. It would be really exciting to apply the same approach to

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E J Mackie School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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L Tatarczuch School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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M Mirams School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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and maintenance ( Yates et al . 2005 ). Binding of WNTs to their receptor Frizzled (Frz) in combination with the co-receptor Lrp5 or Lrp6 leads to activation of the canonical WNT signalling pathway which involves accumulation of β-catenin, whereas

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Jui-Cheng Hsieh Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA

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Rudolf C Estess Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA

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Ichiro Kaneko Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA

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G Kerr Whitfield Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA

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Peter W Jurutka Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA

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Mark R Haussler Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2157, USA

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elucidated, although there is evidence that multiple signaling pathways are involved, including Wnt proteins ( Fuchs et al . 2001 ), sonic hedgehog ( Teichert et al . 2010 ), and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs; O'Shaughnessy et al . 2004 ). Several clues

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Arantza Esnal-Zuffiaure Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Olympia Kelepouri Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Elisabeth O’Flaherty Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Douglas A Gibson Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Philippa T K Saunders Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK

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reduced ( Fig. 5 ), highlighting different impacts on protein stability and mRNA turnover. In addition, GTx-024 and Danazol both induced a significant reduction in the uterine expression of Wnt4 and Wnt7a , consistent with previously reported DHT

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Michela Rossi Bone Physiopathology Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Giulia Battafarano Bone Physiopathology Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Viviana De Martino Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

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Alfredo Scillitani Endocrinology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy

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Salvatore Minisola Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

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Andrea Del Fattore Bone Physiopathology Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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a specific programme of gene expression that takes place under the control of both wingless protein (WNT) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). The activation of these pathways and their signal transduction lead to the stabilisation of β-catenin and

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Piya Sen Gupta Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Natalia V Prodromou Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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J Paul Chapple Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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localization Otto et al . (2005) , Roepman et al . (2005) , Fliegauf et al . (2006) and Bergmann et al . (2008) NPHP3/nephrocystin 3 Possible role in regulation of Wnt signaling NPHP4//nephrocystin 4 Centrosome and basal body localization. Interacts

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Maria Candida Barisson Villares Fragoso Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Guilherme Asmar Alencar Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Antonio Marcondes Lerario Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Isabelle Bourdeau Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Madson Queiroz Almeida Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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André Lacroix Unidade de Suprarrenal, Instituto do Câncer de São Paulo ICESP, Département de Médecine, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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microtubule-associated proteins. Through these interactions, APC exerts numerous activities, including inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, control of cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of cell adhesion and migration, and

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Nicholaos I Papachristou Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Harry C Blair Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Kyriakos E Kypreos Department of Pharmacology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece

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Dionysios J Papachristou Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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(FZD) and the extracellular domain of the LDL receptor–related proteins (LRPs) -5 and -6 (in vertebrates) ( Pandur & Kuhl 2001 ). Among the common substrates of the Wnt/β -catenin cascade, which is referred as the ‘canonical Wnt pathway’, are RUNX2, COX

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Kyriaki S Alatzoglou Clinical and Academic Lead in Endocrinology, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK

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Daniel Kelberman Clinical and Academic Lead in Endocrinology, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK

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Mehul T Dattani Clinical and Academic Lead in Endocrinology, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK

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stages of pituitary development ( Kelberman & Dattani 2007 , Zhu et al . 2007 b ). SOX proteins and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway Wingless (Wnt) signalling, through the canonical and non-canonical pathway, is crucial for embryonic patterning, migration and

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N B Schreiber Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, 114 Animal Science Building, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA

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M L Totty Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, 114 Animal Science Building, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA

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L J Spicer Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, 114 Animal Science Building, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA

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Hormone & Pituitary Program (Torrance, CA, USA); and recombinant human IGF1, FGF9, and wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family member 3A (WNT3A) and recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA

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