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Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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was similar ( Table 1 ). To evaluate cell turnover, we measured the mRNA levels of Pref1 (pre-adipocyte marker) because its expression is linked to adipogenesis inhibition ( O’Connell et al . 2011 ) and the mRNA levels of Adiponectin , which have
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Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
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). Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and adiponectin ELISA kits were obtained from Uscn Life Science (Wuhan, China). Ala6–25Cys (SSPFPPRPTRAGRETQLLRSC) were custom synthesized by GL Biochem (Shanghai, China). Animals and i.c.v. injection All animal procedures
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, Karmazyn et al . 2007 ). These include factors such as leptin, adiponectin, and TNF. It is also of interest to note that many of these factors have now been shown to be produced by the heart itself ( Purdham et al . 2004 , Pineiro et al . 2005 , Guo
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et al. 1994 , Ahima et al. 2000 ) led to profound changes in the field of metabolic physiology. Following the characterisation of leptin in 1994, a large number of adipokines have now been characterised including adiponectin, apelin, visfatin and
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key regulator of energy metabolism by secreting a diverse range of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin ( Galic et al. 2010 ). Therefore, adipose tissue is considered as highly important for systemic metabolic homeostasis. The sirtuin
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that help regulate biological functions in other cells and organs. Some of these proteins like adiponectin increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral organs, some arepro-inflammatory such as IL6 or TNFa and inhibit insulin action and others like leptin
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been shown to disrupt adiponectin ( Mullerova et al . 2008 ), leptin ( Nieminen et al . 2000 ), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα; Arsenescu et al . 2008 ), and insulin ( Everett et al . 2011 ) concentrations, body weight, energy expenditure and fat
INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U724, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184 F 54505 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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adiponectin ( Havel 2004 , Kadowaki & Yamauchi 2005 ). It also modulates gastric hormones involved in feeding regulation like ghrelin ( Beck et al . 2002 , Erdmann et al . 2003 , Greenman et al . 2004 , Moesgaard et al . 2004 , Sanchez et al . 2004
Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Cancer Research-UK Labs and Section of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
Endokrinologikum Hamburg, Falkenried 88, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Cancer Research-UK Labs and Section of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Cancer Research-UK Labs and Section of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Inpharmatica Ltd, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK
Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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because several of its members are steroid or adiponectin (AdipoQ) receptors ( Lyons et al. 2004 ). Initial studies indicated that the expression of mPRs is highly tissue-specific, with mPRα being the predominant isoform in reproductive tissues
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Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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, Alonso-Magdalena et al . 2006 ), decreased production or secretion of adiponectin from adipocytes, the establishment of insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine ( Hugo et al . 2008 , Kidani et al . 2010 ), enhanced adipocyte differentiation and lipid