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David O'Regan Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Megan C Holmes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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metabolic syndrome and deaths from ischemic heart disease in later life ( Curhan et al . 1996 a , Barker 1999 ). To explain these links, the concept of developmentalprogramming’ has been advanced, whereby a factor acting during a critical developmental

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Isabela Teixeira Bonomo Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Patrícia Cristina Lisboa Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Magna Cottini Fonseca Passos Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Simone Bezerra Alves Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Adelina Martha Reis Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Egberto Gaspar de Moura Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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–thyroid axis reactivity to hyper- and hypothyroidism in the perinatal period: ontogeny of regulation of regulation and long-term programming of responses . Journal of Developmental Physiology 18 105 – 109 . Radetti G Gottardi E Bona G Corrias A

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Trassanee Chatmethakul Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Robert D Roghair Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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. Developmental origins in model organisms Developmental origins Programming is a phenomenon co-opted by the developmental origins hypothesis to explain a process whereby an insult during a critical period of development evokes potentially irreversible long

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Lin-guo Pei Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Basic Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, China

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Qi Zhang Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Chao Yuan Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Min Liu Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Yun-fei Zou Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Feng Lv Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Da-ji Luo Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Shan Zhong Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Hui Wang Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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. Intrauterine overexposure to glucocorticoid can alter fetal developmental programming to adapt to the environment ( Harris & Seckl 2011 ). The changes in intrauterine programming caused by high glucocorticoid level during pregnancy are likely associated with

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K L Franko Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A J Forhead Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A L Fowden Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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that adult disease can originate in utero as a result of developmental programming of key tissues and organ systems during suboptimal intrauterine conditions associated with poor fetal growth ( Gluckman et al . 2008 ). Experimentally, prenatal

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Paula J Brunton Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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Katie M Sullivan Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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David Kerrigan Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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John A Russell Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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Amanda J Drake Division of Neurobiology, Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK

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neurones; indeed, developmental programming of leptin signalling is considered to be of importance in the development of the associated metabolic phenotype ( Cottrell & Ozanne 2007 ). In summary, PNS exposure resulted in effects on glucose–insulin and lipid

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Jocemara Patrícia Silva de Souza Parrela Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Ingridys Regina Borkenhagen Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Sarah Ramany Faria Salmeron Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Thalyne Aparecida Leite Lima Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Ginislene Dias Souza Miranda Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Hercules de Oliveira Costermani Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Camila Luiza Rodrigues dos Santos Ricken Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Ester Vieira Alves Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Júlio Cezar de Oliveira Research Group on Perinatal Programming of Metabolic Diseases: DOHaD Paradigm, Laboratory of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Education and Research Center (NUPADS), Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, University Campus of Sinop, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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metabolic disorders. In this regard, even after birth, plasticity in hypothalamic neuroendocrine pathways still occurs ( Bouret & Simerly 2006 ), and it is a critical moment for the developmental programming of orexigenic/anorexigenic neuronal signaling and

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Anshu Gupta Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of
Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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Malathi Srinivasan Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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Supaporn Thamadilok Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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Mulchand S Patel Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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for immediate survival. However, over the long-term, these adaptations can predispose individuals to the development of the obese phenotype ( Plagemann 2005 ). In the context of the phenomenon of developmental programming, obesity during pregnancy is

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Patricia C Lisboa Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551‐031, Brazil

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Ellen P S Conceição Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551‐031, Brazil

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Elaine de Oliveira Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551‐031, Brazil

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Egberto G Moura Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551‐031, Brazil

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of these programmed overweight animals. Taken together, the present data reinforce the concept of the ‘developmental origins of health and disease,’ mainly concerning the programming of the thyroid function. Declaration of interest The authors declare

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Tod Fullston Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Nicole O McPherson Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Deirdre Zander-Fox Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Michelle Lane Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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substantial post-fertilisation reprogramming that occurs during embryo development. For example, paternal obesity alters the molecular composition of sperm, alters the developmental trajectory of resultant embryos and increases the incidence of obesity and

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