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Subhshri Sahu
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David Tosh Stem Cells and Diabetes Section, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India

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Anandwardhan A Hardikar
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Introduction Cell-replacement therapy involves treating diseases with functional cells derived from sources including the body's own cells. Successful cell replacement therapy in diabetes requires sufficient numbers of insulin-producing cells to be

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Nicole G Barra Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Fernando F Anhê Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Joseph F Cavallari Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Anita M Singh Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Darryl Y Chan Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Jonathan D Schertzer Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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extraction from food ( Bäckhed et al. 2007 ). The gut microbiota can also influence blood glucose. Lower bacterial diversity correlates with insulin resistance and higher adiposity (reviewed in Zhu & Goodarzi 2020 ). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated

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Alpana Mathur Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Lucknow, India

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Vivek Kumar Pandey Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India

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Poonam Kakkar Herbal Research Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, India

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Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and allied disorders are posing serious health problems that are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide ( Nanditha et al . 2016 ). Insulin resistance, a key feature of T2D and obesity, subdues the

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Hindrik Mulder Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden

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The fact that type 2 diabetes has become pandemic is difficult to escape. Increased morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular events, which frequently accompany the disease, are the most severe consequences of the diabetes pandemic. This problem is

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Aryane Cruz Oliveira Pinho Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal

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Diana Santos Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, Coimbra, Portugal

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Inês Baldeiras Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal

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Ana Burgeiro Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal

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Emelindo C Leal Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, Coimbra, Portugal

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Eugenia Carvalho Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, Coimbra, Portugal
APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal

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as cardiac disease development and progression, such as atherosclerosis, especially under diabetes condition ( Chatterjee et al. 2009 , Nosalski & Guzik 2017 , Aldiss et al. 2019 , Poznyak et al. 2020 , Cutruzzolà et al. 2021 ). As

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Sandra K Szlapinski London, Ontario, Canada

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David J Hill Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

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Introduction In the most recent 2020 report, the World Health Organization reported that diabetes was among the top ten causes of death in 2019, following a significant percentage increase of 70% since 2000 ( WHO 2020 ). Diabetes mellitus (DM

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Hikari Hirakida Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Taiga Okumura Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Ryosuke Fujita Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Yoshiki Kuse Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Takahiro Mizoguchi Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Satoshi Inagaki Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Shinsuke Nakamura Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Masamitsu Shimazawa Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
Lab. of Collaborative Research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Hideaki Hara Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
Lab. of Collaborative Research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Introduction Diabetes is a disease that causes chronic hyperglycemia by the impairment of insulin secretion or insulin resistance and is a risk factor for the development of arteriosclerosis and ischemic diseases. More than 423 million people

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Jennifer Chen The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Jenny E Gunton The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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pancreatic islets. Although they consist of only 1–2% of the adult pancreas, islets are critical for regulating glucose homeostasis. The hormone insulin is secreted solely by islet β-cells. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released. Diabetes occurs

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Gemma Llauradó Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain
Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Carme Vilardell Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Rafael Simó Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Pilar Gil Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Albert Cano Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Joan Vendrell Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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José-Miguel González-Clemente Department of Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Diabetes, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Parc Taul s/n, 08208 Sabadell, Spain

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Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes ( Libby et al . 2005 ). Diabetes mellitus results in an accelerated arteriosclerotic process, which is not fully explained by classical cardiovascular risk

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Jessica R Mader
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Zachary T Resch
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Gary R McLean Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Jakob H Mikkelsen Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Claus Oxvig Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Ronald J Marler Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Comparative Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA

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Cheryl A Conover
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development of nephropathy in an experimentally induced mouse model of type 2 diabetes. The latter was of particular interest based on a study by Swindell et al . (2010) looking at differential gene expression in WT vs Papp-A KO mice that highlighted the

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