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preventative and therapeutic approaches with minimal side effects. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a high correlation between circulating PRL and the risk of breast tumors that express estrogen receptor α (ERα also known as ESR1), which is independent
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this disease every year ( Ferlay et al. 2015 ). Approximately 70% of breast tumors are estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive, and tumor cell proliferation is thought to be dependent on the activity of this hormone-mediated transcription factor ( Hayashi
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-specific signaling may offer an alternative approach ( Petrangolini et al . 2006 ). Parafollicular C cells secrete a polypeptide hormone, calcitonin. Previously, it has been demonstrated that calcitonin gene expression is elevated in response to estrogen
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Introduction The primary female sex hormone, estrogen, activates its receptors, ERα and ERβ, and exhibits physiological functions within the brain ( Mukai et al. 2010 , Hara et al. 2015 ). Correspondingly, ovarian failure and estrogen
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Introduction Osteoporosis commonly occurs in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency and can cause serious bone loss and fractures ( Rachner et al. 2011 ). It is now known that estrogen acts directly on osteoblast lineage cells
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( Shankaran et al . 2005 ). So far, no medical treatment provides important neuroprotection against neonatal HIE. E4 is a natural human fetal estrogen with selective estrogen receptor modulator activity (SERM) ( Abot et al . 2014 ). Its synthesis amounts
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( Hou et al. 2018 , Ndzie Noah et al. 2021 ), suggesting that estrogen may play an important role in maintaining female heart health. Further analysis in ascending aorta samples from premenopausal and postmenopausal women with atherosclerosis showed
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Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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). Prolonged exposure to endogenous estrogens in case of early age at menarche or late menopause increases the risk of breast cancer development, while an early menopause has a protective effect ( Fenton 2006 , Rudel et al . 2011 ). Interestingly, early
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Introduction The mammalian estrous cycle is an endocrine clock that communicates time through periodic oscillations in the concentration of the ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone. In tissues such as the mammary gland and
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Introduction Physiological effects of estrogen on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are mediated by two intracellular estrogen receptors (ESR1 and 2), which regulate transcription of target genes following ligand activation through binding to