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The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)-amide (GLP-1) on cAMP content and insulin release were studied in islets isolated from diabetic rats (n0-STZ model) which exhibited impaired glucose-induced insulin release. We first examined the possibility of re-activating the insulin response to glucose in the beta-cells of the diabetic rats using GLP-1 in vitro. In static incubation experiments, GLP-1 amplified cAMP accumulation (by 170%) and glucose-induced insulin release (by 140%) in the diabetic islets to the same extent as in control islets. Using a perifusion procedure, GLP-1 amplified the insulin response to 16.7 mM glucose by diabetic islets and generated a clear biphasic pattern of insulin release. The incremental insulin response to glucose in the presence of GLP-1, although lower than corresponding control values (1.56 +/- 0.37 and 4.53 +/- 0.60 pg/min per ng islet DNA in diabetic and control islets respectively), became similar to that of control islets exposed to 16.7 mM glucose alone (1.09 +/- 0.15 pg/min per ng islet DNA). Since in vitro GLP-1 was found to exert positive effects on the glucose competence of the residual beta-cells in the n0-STZ model. we investigated the therapeutic effect of in vivo GLP-1 administration on glucose tolerance and glucose-induced insulin release by n0-STZ rats. An infusion of GLP-1 (10 ng/min per kg; i.v.) in n0-STZ rats enhanced significantly (P < 0.01) basal plasma insulin levels, and, when combined with an i.v. glucose tolerance and insulin secretion test, it was found to improve (P < 0.05) glucose tolerance and the insulinogenic index, as compared with the respective values of these parameters before GLP-1 treatment.
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To date, glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) amide (tGLP-1) has been found to affect the neurohypophysial and cardiovascular functions in normotensive and normovolaemic rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible effects of tGLP-1 on the mean arterial blood pressure and the release of vasopressin and oxytocin under conditions of blood volume depletion in the rat. In the first series of experiments, the animals were injected i.p. with either 0.15 M saline or 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG caused an 18% reduction of blood volume 1 h after injection. No significant changes in the mean arterial blood pressure were found in either normo- or hypovolaemic rats during the experiment. tGLP-1 injected i.c.v. at a dose of 1 microg/5 microl 1 h after the i.p. injection increased similarly the arterial blood pressure in normo- and hypovolaemic rats. The plasma vasopressin/oxytocin concentrations were markedly elevated in hypovolaemic animals and tGLP-1 further augmented the release of both hormones. In the second study, hypovolaemia was induced by double blood withdrawal. The haemorrhage resulted in a marked decrease of the mean arterial blood pressure and in the elevated plasma vasopressin/oxytocin concentrations. tGLP-1 injected immediately after the second blood withdrawal increased the arterial blood pressure. In parallel, tGLP-1 enhanced significantly vasopressin and oxytocin secretion when compared with haemorrhaged, saline-injected rats. The results of this study indicate that tGLP-1 may affect the arterial blood pressure and the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones under pathological conditions brought about by blood volume depletion.
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ABSTRACT
The acute effects of different macronutrients on the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide (GLP-1(7–36)amide) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were compared in healthy human subjects. Circulating levels of the two hormones were measured over a 24-h period during which subjects consumed a mixed diet. In the first study, eight subjects consumed three equicaloric (375 kcal) test meals of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Small increases in plasma GLP-1(7–36) amide were found after all meals. Levels reached a maximum 30 min after the carbohydrate and 150 min after the fat load. Ingestion of both carbohydrate and fat induced substantial rises in GIP secretion, but the protein meal had no effect. In a second study, eight subjects consumed 75 g glucose or the equivalent portion of complex carbohydrate as boiled brown rice or barley. Plasma GIP, insulin and glucose levels increased after all three meals, the largest increase being observed following glucose and the smallest following the barley meal. Plasma GLP-1(7–36)amide levels rose only following the glucose meal. In the 24-h study, plasma GLP-1(7–36)amide and GIP concentrations were increased following every meal and remained elevated throughout the day, only falling to fasting levels at night. The increases in circulating GLP-1(7–36)amide and GIP levels following carbohydrate or a mixed meal are consistent with their role as incretins. The more sustained rises observed in the daytime during the 24-h study are consistent with an anabolic role in lipid metabolism.
Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 138, 159–166
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Abstract
To examine the structure–activity relationships in the insulinotropic activity of glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36) amide (GLP-1(7–36)amide), we synthesized 16 analogues, including eight which were designed by amino acid substitutions at positions 10 (Ala10), 15 (Serl5), 16 (Tyr16), 17 (Arg17), 18 (Lys18), 21 (Gly21), 27 (Lys27) and 31 (Asp31) of GLP-1(7–36)amide with an amino acid of GH-releasing factor possessing only slight insulinotropic activity, and three tentative antagonists including [Glu15]-GLP-1(8–36)amide. Their insulinotropic activities were assessed by rat pancreas perfusion experiments, and binding affinity to GLP-1 receptors and stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production were evaluated using cultured RINm5F cells.
Insulinotropic activity was estimated as GLP-1(7–36)amide = Tyr16>Lys18, Lys27>Gly21>Asp31⪢Ser15,Arg17>Ala10⪢GRF>[Glu15]-GLP-1(8–36) amide. Displacement activity against 125I-labelled GLP-1 (7–36)amide binding and stimulatory activity for cAMP production in RINm5F cells correlated well with their insulinotropic activity in perfused rat pancreases.
These results demonstrate that (1) positions 10 (glycine), 15 (aspartic acid) and 17 (serine) in the amino acid sequence of GLP-1(7–36)amide, in addition to the N-terminal histidine, are essential for its insulinotropic activity through its binding to the receptor, (2) the amino acid sequences for the C-terminal half of GLP-1(7–36)amide also contribute to its binding to the receptor, although they are less important compared with those of the N-terminal half, and (3) [Glu15]-GLP-1(8–36)amide is not an antagonist of GLP-1(7–36)amide as opposed to des-His1 [Glu9]-glucagon amide which is a potent glucagon antagonist.
Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 140, 45–52
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ABSTRACT
The effect of dexamethasone on binding of glucagonlike peptide-1(7–36)amide (GLP-1(7–36)amide) to rat insulinoma-derived cells (RINm5F) was investigated. Preincubation of RINm5F cells with dexamethasone (100 nmol/l) for 24 h resulted in a decrease of GLP1(7-36)amide binding to 55·0±8·16% (mean ± s.e.m.), incubation for 48 h to 39·1±1·76%, and for 72 h to 15·5±4·35% of maximal binding. The GLP-1(7–36)amide-induced stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production was significantly decreased to 61·03±7·4% of maximum production in cells pretreated with dexamethasone (100 nmol/l) for 48 h. The decreased binding was due to a reduction of the receptor number while the receptor affinity remained unchanged. These inhibitory effects on binding and cAMP formation induced by dexamethasone were completely abolished when the antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 (100 nmol/l) was added during preincubation with dexamethasone. RU 38486 alone had no effects. Our data suggest that the biological action of GLP-1(7–36) amide at the B-cell may be modified by glucocorticoids.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 445–450
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transcribed from the proglucagon gene is processed by the enzyme prohormone convertase 1 and 2 to give glucagon and related peptides including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and oxyntomodulin ( Müller et al. 2017 ). Glucagon regulates glucose, protein and
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Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 and not as published.
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ABSTRACT
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 (7–36)-NH2 is a peptide found in the mucosal endocrine cells of the intestine, and plasma levels of GLP-1 (7–36)-NH2 immunoreactivity show a rise after the ingestion of a fat or mixed-component meal. We investigated the effects of physiological infusion of GLP-1 (7–36)-NH2 on a submaximal gastric acid secretion in healthy volunteers at a rate known to mimic the observed postprandial rise in plasma concentrations. Corrected gastric acid output decreased to less than 50% and volume output to 33% of stimulated values. After the infusion, the secretion of gastric acid recovered immediately to preinhibition values. These results suggest a novel role for GLP-1 (7–36)-NH2 as a physiological inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in man.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 169–173
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released from endocrine cells of the distal part of the gut after ingestion of a meal. GLP-1 secretion is, in part, under the control of hormonal and/or neural mechanisms. However, stimulation of the colonic L cells may also occur directly by the luminal contents. This was examined in the present study, using an isolated vascularly perfused rat colon. GLP-1 immunoreactivity was measured in the portal effluent after luminal infusion of a variety of compounds which are found in colonic contents (nutrients, fibers, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)). Oleic acid (100 mm) or a mixture of amino acids (total concentration 250 mm), or starch (0·5%, w/v) did not increase GLP-1 secretion over basal value. A pharmacological concentration of glucose (250 mm) elicited a marked release of GLP-1 which was maximal at the end of infusion (400% of basal), while 5 mm glucose was without effect on secretion. Pectin evoked a dose-dependent release of GLP-1 over the range 0·1–0·5% (w/v) with a maximal response at 360% of basal when 0·5% pectin was infused. Cellulose or gum arabic (0·5%) did not modify GLP-1 secretion. The SCFAs acetate, propionate or butyrate (5, 20 and 100 mm) did not induce a significant release of GLP-1. Among the four bile acids tested, namely taurocholate, cholate, deoxycholate and hyodeoxycholate, the last one was the most potent at eliciting a GLP-1 response with a maximal release at 300% and 400% of the basal value when 2 and 20 mm bile acid were administered respectively. In conclusion, some fibres and bile acids are capable of releasing colonic GLP-1 in rats and may contribute to the secretory activity of colonic L cells.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 521–526
