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School of Biomedical Sciences, and Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Introduction Maternal glucocorticoid exposure programs offspring disease in a sexually dimorphic manner ( O’Regan et al . 2004 , Singh et al . 2012 ). This is in part due to sexually dimorphic placental responses to glucocorticoids during
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Introduction The ectopic adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) syndrome is a dramatic clinical example of glucocorticoid resistance where secretion of ACTH peptides is markedly resistant to the normal negative feedback of circulating
Center for Neuropharmacology and Neurosciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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Center for Neuropharmacology and Neurosciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, USA
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). Successful adaptation to neonatal hypoxia requires a coordinated physiological response, including an increase in the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex ( Hanukoglu et al. 1995 ). Understanding the mechanisms by which the resulting increase
Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Introduction Glucocorticoids exert pleiotrophic effects on metabolism and energy partitioning. Centrally, they increase food intake and reduce energy expenditure, whilst peripherally, they promote insulin resistance, fat accumulation
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Introduction Cholesterol is the sole precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones including adrenal-derived glucocorticoids, i.e., cortisol in man and corticosterone in rodents. The cholesterol used for steroidogenesis can theoretically be
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Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences
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Glucocorticoid treatment of cancer Glucocorticoids (Gcs) are widely used for the treatment of lymphoid malignancy ( Pirotte et al . 1997 , Sionov et al . 2008 ) because of their dramatic effects on cell cycle progression and apoptosis. They are
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Both generalised and tissue-specific glucocorticoid resistance is increasingly being recognised. In one study, 1–2% of patients evaluated for adrenal disorders were glucocorticoid-resistant (Werner et al. 1992). At the molecular level, resistance to glucocorticoids is usually defined using specific markers. Some cells, such as lymphocytes, exhibit a very clear phenotypic change in response to glucocorticoids, enabling this to be used as a marker of glucocorticoid action (Kaspers et al. 1994). In most cells, however, changes in target gene expression are used. Either endogenous or transfected genes can be used; however, endogenous genes are often subject to tissuespecific regulation, and measurement of the steady-state mRNA level is an insensitive measure of glucocorticoid action. Transfection of short, carefully defined sequences of glucocorticoid-regulated DNA linked to a suitable reporter gene (Fig. 1) enables small differences in the EC50 and Vmax values of glucocorticoid action to be confidently measured (Ray et al. 1994b). Typically, positively
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (Gc) are potent anti-inflammatory agents and are widely prescribed for the treatment of a range of inflammatory and immune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma ( McMaster & Ray 2007 , Barnes & Adcock 2009
Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Ilex-Conicet, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Pacheco de Melo 308, Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Deutschhausstrasse 2, Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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neuroendocrine mechanisms may play in the development of the disease ( Savino et al. 1989 , Leite de Moraes et al. 1991 ). We have chosen to study, in particular, the significance of endogenous glucocorticoids levels for the course of T. cruzi infection
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Introduction Both intrauterine and early postnatal environments program various physiological systems in vertebrates. Major factors affecting fetal growth include maternal nutrition and fetal stress. Excess glucocorticoids (GCs) are of