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, Kang et al. 2006 ). At least two kinds of glucose sensor neurons have been identified in brain. Glucose-excited (GE) neurons are present mainly in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) neurons of the hypothalamus and they are excited by increased
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SUMMARY
1. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves in adult male rabbits under sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia produced immediate contractions of the cauda epididymidis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle, with emission of semen. Kymographic records were obtained of the contractions of the seminal vesicle.
2. Intravenous injections of 1–5 μg adrenaline gave similar effects, but with latencies of 7–30 sec. Measured by its action on the seminal vesicle, adrenaline was two to five times more potent than noradrenaline.
3. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal, lateral or posterior areas of the hypothalamus evoked an immediate contraction of the seminal vesicle followed by a delayed contractile effect. Contractions of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens also occurred.
4. The immediate response of the seminal vesicle to stimulation of the hypothalamus was abolished by section of the hypogastric nerves, and the delayed effect by adrenalectomy. After these interferences the two types of response could be simulated by stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut hypogastric nerves, and by injection of 1–5 μg adrenaline, respectively.
5. Neither electrical stimulation of the neurohypophysis, nor injection of oxytocin or vasopressin induced a contraction of the seminal vesicle.
6. The results are discussed with reference to the influence of sexual excitation at coitus on the volume and quality of ejaculated semen.
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muscles while Adipor2 predominates in the liver ( Yamauchi et al . 2003 ). Recently, they have also been described in rodent and human hypothalamus ( Kos et al . 2007 , Kubota et al . 2007 , Coope et al . 2008 ). These receptors present seven
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Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME‐CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1428ADN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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have emerged as promising targets to treat diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes ( Luoma 2011 ). The importance of the energy control of homeostasis by the CNS is now recognized. The CNS, especially through the hypothalamus, responds to
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( Pelleymounter et al . 1995 , Farooqi et al . 1998 ). Leptin directly binds to its obesity receptor b (ObRb) receptors, which are located mainly in the hypothalamus and hindbrain; it promotes energy expenditure by stimulating JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway
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Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Division of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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effects via the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is widely expressed in the hypothalamus ( Wittmann et al . 2007 ), but also found in peripheral tissues including adipose tissues, liver and the myocardium ( Butler & Korbonits 2009 ). The
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’ AgRP/NPY neuron activity is increased by decreased circulation of leptin and insulin and by the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Both POMC and AgRP/NPY neurons have their cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and their axons project to the
Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
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), retroperitoneal WAT (rWAT), the liver, and the hypothalamus were dissected from mice and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA processing at the conclusion of the NPGL infusion. Total RNA was extracted using QIAzol lysis reagent for WAT (Qiagen) or TRIzol reagent
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( Kim et al . 2011 ). It has been reported that cytokines have direct action on the central response to inflammatory stimuli, especially LPS ( Laye et al . 2000 , Sergeyev et al . 2001 , Ogimoto et al . 2006 ). In the hypothalamus, however, the
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The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Microscopy Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Barwon Health Laboratory, Barwon Health, University Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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weeks are associated with the finite stages of ovarian follicle pool assembly and an increase in steroidogenesis ( McGee & Hsueh 2000 ), with a peak in oestradiol levels at P15 ( Bell 2018 ). In the hypothalamus, GnRH mRNA levels and dendrite spine
