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Liver X receptor The liver X receptors (LXRs), LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors ( Janowski et al . 1996 ). LXRα was initially isolated from a rat liver cDNA library

the liver, and it is one of the major acute-phase serum proteins associated with inflammatory response ( Kushner 1982 ). Serum α 2 -MG is also capable of binding to a broad spectrum of cytokines, such as transforming growth factor ( Huang et al. 1988

glucocorticoids can have sexually dimorphic actions ( Duma et al . 2010 , Quinn & Cidlowski 2016 ). For example, in the liver the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone differentially affects expression of many GR target genes in male vs female rats ( Duma et

Introduction Hepatokines are liver-secreted proteins that can signal to, and induce, metabolic effects in the liver and other peripheral tissues including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and pancreas ( Meex et al. 2015 ). Altered hepatokine

IGF1 is liver derived ( Sjögren et al . 1999 , Yakar et al . 1999 ). A mouse model with liver-specific, inducible inactivation of the Igf1 gene, using the Cre-LoxP conditional knockout system, has been developed (LI-IGF1 −/− mice; Sjögren et al

transporters (VMAT), with the remaining free 5-HT in portal blood being primarily metabolized in the liver. Thus, >95% of 5-HT is stored in platelets, with free 5-HT levels being low in peripheral blood ( Holmsen 1989 , Richter et al. 1989 , El-Merahbi et

wound healing, IGF-1 is present at high levels in the circulation and the liver is the major source of circulating IGF-1 in mice ( Yakar et al. 1999 ). In humans, IGF-1 levels in wounds are correlated with those in blood, suggesting that blood is the

diseases are part of a condition termed metabolic syndrome. The hepatic component of metabolic syndrome is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This term comprises a wide range of progressive liver injuries including bland steatosis, variable degrees

Introduction Growth hormone (GH) is a pituitary polypeptide hormone that plays a central role in animal growth and metabolism ( Harvey et al. 1995 ). A major target organ of GH is the liver, where GH regulates the expression of

Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized mainly by hepatic steatosis, is the most common liver disease worldwide ( Birkenfeld & Shulman 2014 , Meex & Watt 2017 ). It is reported that NAFLD is closely associated