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Eun-Jin Kang Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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So-Hye Hong Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Eon Lee Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Seung Chul Kim Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Hoe-Saeng Yang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Pyong in Yi Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Sang-Myeong Lee College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

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Beum-Soo An Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea

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Introduction Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted from specialized cells of the anterior pituitary gland, which is known for its multiple effects on the female mammary gland, including regulation of growth and

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B Shan
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C Schaaf
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A Schmidt
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K Lucia
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M Buchfelder Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany

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M Losa Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany

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D Kuhlen Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany

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J Kreutzer Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany

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M J Perone Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany

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E Arzt Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
Neuroendocrinology Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IBioBA–CONICET, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstraße 10, D-80804 Munich, Germany

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G K Stalla
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U Renner
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applied in recent studies ( Thomas et al . 2008 , Shahani et al . 2010 ), may overcome this problem in the future. Tumours of the anterior pituitary represent the second most frequent type of intracranial neoplasms and are mostly benign adenomas derived

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Michael Muchow
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Ioannis Bossis
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Tom E Porter
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role in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis in mammals. However, due to a lack of homologous antisera to TSH in birds and the only recent description of an anti-peptide antibody ( Iwasawa et al. 2002 ), the physiological role of TSH in the

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Hyun Joon Kim Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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Mary C Gieske Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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Susan Hudgins Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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Beob Gyun Kim Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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Andree Krust Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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Pierre Chambon Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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CheMyong Ko Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
Division of Clinical and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Animal Sciences, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS, INSERM, ULP, College de France) and Institut Clinique de la Souris, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA

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Introduction It is well established that, among multiple factors that contribute to the induction of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, the ovarian steroid estrogen plays a pivotal role by exerting positive feedback to the pituitary ( Clarke 2002

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Norbert Chauvet Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Taoufik El-Yandouzi Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Marie-Noëlle Mathieu Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Audrey Schlernitzauer Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Evelyne Galibert Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Chrystel Lafont Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Paul Le Tissier Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Iain C Robinson Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Patrice Mollard Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Nathalie Coutry Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
Département d'Endocrinologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universités Montpellier I and II, Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 Rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France

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Introduction The anterior pituitary is a complex endocrine gland that transfers information between the brain and peripheral tissues, playing a pivotal role in the regulation of physiological functions such as reproduction, metabolism, and growth

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Erica Gentilin Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Federico Tagliati Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Massimo Terzolo Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Matteo Zoli Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Marcello Lapparelli Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Mariella Minoia Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Maria Rosaria Ambrosio Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Ettore C degli Uberti Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Maria Chiara Zatelli Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Section of Endocrinology, Laboratorio in Rete del Tecnopolo Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy

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Introduction Cushing's disease (CD), characterized by hypercortisolism due to excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland, is a rare disease with an incidence between 0.7 and 2.4 cases per million per year ( Patil et al . 2008

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Petra Popovics Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pecs 7624, Hungary
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pecs 7624, Hungary

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Zoltan Rekasi Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pecs 7624, Hungary

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Alan J Stewart Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pecs 7624, Hungary

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Magdolna Kovacs Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Pecs 7624, Hungary

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Introduction Activin, inhibin, and follistatin are key regulators of pituitary FSH production. These factors, together with ovarian steroids and GnRH, define the diverse pattern of LH and FSH secretion. Based on their ability to modulate FSH

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Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Márta Korbonits Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Introduction Pituitary adenomas are usually benign tumours of the anterior pituitary, which represent 15.5% of intracranial neoplasms ( Ostrom et al . 2015 ). They are frequently associated with severe comorbidities due to mass effect and

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Dong-Xu Han Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Chang-Jiang Wang Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Xu-Lei Sun Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Jian-Bo Liu Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Hao Jiang Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Yan Gao Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Cheng-Zhen Chen Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Bao Yuan Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Jia-Bao Zhang Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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circRNAs in bovine cumulus cells ( Fu et al. 2018 ). As an important class of experimental animals, rats play a crucial role in many types of functional studies, particularly in reproductive development ( Han et al. 2017 a ). The pituitary is an

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Tony M Plant Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Room B311, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

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evidence upon which they were based, on the neural mechanisms controlling the pituitary–gonadal axis. That gonadal function was under control by the CNS was well established at the time of Harris' monograph, as was the recognition of the gonad

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