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Ching-Wen Chang Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Anna K Wakeland Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Mana M Parast Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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of vascular remodeling by EVT, also known as physiologic change, in maternal spiral arterioles, leading to such complications as miscarriage, early-onset severe preeclampsia (eo-sPE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ( Fisher 2015 ). While

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Harleen Kaur Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Beverly S Muhlhausler CSIRO Nutrition and Health, Adelaide, Australia

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Claire T Roberts Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia

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Kathryn L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Table 1). Adverse effects of GH administration have also been reported in a subset of studies. Suppressed maternal appetite has been reported in sheep and pigs, particularly when high doses of GH are started in late pregnancy. In a model of IUGR

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Brit H Boehmer Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Peter R Baker II Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Stephanie R Wesolowski Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Paul J Rozance Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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previously demonstrated that infusion of a complete amino acid mixture, both acutely and chronically, potentiates fetal GSIS in normal and IUGR fetuses ( Gadhia et al. 2013 , Brown et al. 2016 ). In the current study we chose to focus on leucine because

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Diletta Piccirilli Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Enke Baldini Department of Surgical Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Micol Massimiani Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Antonella Camaioni Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Antonietta Salustri Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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Roberta Bernardini Department of Biology, NSTA, II University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy

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Marco Centanni Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Latina, Italy

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Salvatore Ulisse Department of Surgical Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Costanzo Moretti Department of Systems’ Medicine University of Rome Tor Vergata, UOC of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Section of Reproductive Endocrinology Fatebenefratelli Hospital, ‘Isola Tiberina’, Rome, Italy

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Luisa Campagnolo Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

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restriction (IUGR), pre-eclampsia and spontaneous abortion ( Kumar & Chaudhuri 1989 , Abalovich et al . 2002 , Mestman 2004 , Casey et al . 2005 , LaFranchi et al . 2005 , Kilby et al . 2005 , Pillar et al . 2010 , Luewan et al . 2011 ). Studies

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R De Matteo Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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D J Hodgson Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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T Bianco-Miotto Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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V Nguyen Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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J A Owens Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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R Harding Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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B J Allison Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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G Polglase Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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M J Black Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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K L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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( DeFronzo & Tripathy 2009 ). The M. vastus lateralis is a mixed-fibre type muscle, and we have previously reported that intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs gene expression of determinants of insulin signalling in this muscle in sheep ( De Blasio

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Christophe Breton Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université Lille‐Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

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Introduction Epidemiological studies initially demonstrated that adverse environmental factors leading to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and low birth weight may predispose individuals to the later onset of development of pathologies related

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Junny Chan
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Elizabeth H Rabbitt
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Barbara A Innes
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Judith N Bulmer
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Paul M Stewart
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Mark D Kilby
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Martin Hewison
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& Meaney 2004 ). Secondly, endogenous fetal plasma cortisol concentrations are increased in pregnancies where there has been intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR; Goland et al. 1993 ). In normal pregnancies maternal plasma cortisol at term is ~200 ng

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Daisuke Fujita Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Akiko Tanabe Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Tatsuharu Sekijima Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Hekiko Soen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Keijirou Narahara Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshiki Yamashita Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshito Terai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Hideki Kamegai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masahide Ohmichi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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cardiovascular development, but also in vascular homeostasis. Although hypoxia caused by incomplete trophoblast invasion and impaired spiral arterial remodeling is thought to be a major cause of preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR; Zhou

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Yolanda Diz-Chaves Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Manuel Gil-Lozano Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Laura Toba Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Juan Fandiño Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Hugo Ogando Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Lucas C González-Matías Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Federico Mallo Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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-fed rats had elevated plasma interleukin-6, TNFα and chemokine ligand 2, as well as enhanced placental TNFα ( Desai et al. 2013 ). Incretins and metabolic programming in development In animal models of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR

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Antonia Hufnagel University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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Laura Dearden University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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Denise S Fernandez-Twinn University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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Susan E Ozanne University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

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effects of hyperinsulinaemia on maternal haemodynamic adaptations could explain the increased risk of stillbirth in obese and diabetic pregnancies ( Poston et al. 2016 ). They could also explain the cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in

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