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Margaret B Allison
Margaret B Allison
Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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Martin G Myers Jr
Martin G Myers Jr
Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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specialized subsets of neurons in certain hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei ( Tartaglia 1997 , Elias et al . 2000 , Scott et al . 2009 , Patterson et al . 2011 ). Mutations that inactivate LepRb, as well as antagonists of LepRb activation, confirm that
Martina Holubová
Martina Holubová
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jana Zemenová
Jana Zemenová
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Barbora Mikulášková
Barbora Mikulášková
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vladimíra Panajotova
Vladimíra Panajotova
Apigenex Limited, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jiří Stöhr
Jiří Stöhr
Apigenex Limited, Prague, Czech Republic
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Martin Haluzík
Martin Haluzík
First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jaroslav Kuneš
Jaroslav Kuneš
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Blanka Železná
Blanka Železná
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lenka Maletínská
Lenka Maletínská
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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nucleus and in A1/A2 regions of the medulla oblongata ( Yamada et al . 2009 ) in the brainstem. The fibers of these cells project to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the basal nucleus of the amygdala, and other regions throughout the brain ( Yamada et
Elizabeth M Simpson
Elizabeth M Simpson
School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Iain J Clarke
Iain J Clarke
School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Christopher J Scott
Christopher J Scott
School of Dentistry and Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Cyril P Stephen
Cyril P Stephen
School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Alexandra Rao
Alexandra Rao
School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Allan J Gunn
Allan J Gunn
School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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diabetes mellitus ( Wang et al. 2022 ). There are various indications that GLP-1 may regulate the gonadotrophic axis, possibly at the level of the GnRH neurons. Brainstem-derived neural elements directly contact GnRH neurons in male mice ( Vastagh et
Lourdes M Andino
Lourdes M Andino
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Daniel J Ryder
Daniel J Ryder
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Alexandra Shapiro
Alexandra Shapiro
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Michael K Matheny
Michael K Matheny
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Yi Zhang
Yi Zhang
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Melanie K Judge
Melanie K Judge
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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K Y Cheng
K Y Cheng
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Nihal Tümer
Nihal Tümer
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Philip J Scarpace
Philip J Scarpace
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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the hypothalamus, particularly the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the nucleus of the solitary track (NTS) in the brainstem ( DeBold et al . 1988 ). The cleaved peptides are released after the action of two proprotein convertases known as protein convertase
Peixin Li
Peixin Li
Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Medical and Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Zhijian Rao
Zhijian Rao
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Brenton Thomas Laing
Brenton Thomas Laing
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Wyatt Bunner
Wyatt Bunner
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Taylor Landry
Taylor Landry
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Amber Prete
Amber Prete
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Yuan Yuan
Yuan Yuan
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Zhong-Tao Zhang
Zhong-Tao Zhang
Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Hu Huang
Hu Huang
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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information from the gut to the brainstem ( Iggo 1957 ). Physical restructure of the stomach may result in the impairment of this signaling. Although it has been reported that the density of vagal afferents in the NTS and DMV is significantly elevated after
T J Kowalski
T J Kowalski
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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B D Spar
B D Spar
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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L Markowitz
L Markowitz
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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M Maguire
M Maguire
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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A Golovko
A Golovko
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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S Yang
S Yang
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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C Farley
C Farley
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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J A Cook
J A Cook
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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G Tetzloff
G Tetzloff
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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L Hoos
L Hoos
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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R A Del Vecchio
R A Del Vecchio
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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T M Kazdoba
T M Kazdoba
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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M F McCool
M F McCool
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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J J Hwa
J J Hwa
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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L A Hyde
L A Hyde
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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H Davis
H Davis
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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G Vassileva
G Vassileva
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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J A Hedrick
J A Hedrick
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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E L Gustafson
E L Gustafson
Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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.38 Brainstem 1.05, 0.15 1222, 993 2.05, 4.70 3.00, 4.40 8.09, 6.82 3.90, 5.10 Spinal cord 1.01, 0.53 564, 565 0.75, 1.04 0.47, 0.51 14.3, 9.21 5.11, 5.66 Table 3 Body weight, plasma leptin, insulin, glucose, corticosterone, triglycerides and free fatty
Saadia Basharat
Saadia Basharat
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Jennifer A Parker
Jennifer A Parker
Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Kevin G Murphy
Kevin G Murphy
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Stephen R Bloom
Stephen R Bloom
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Julia C Buckingham
Julia C Buckingham
Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Christopher D John
Christopher D John
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JS Saper CB 1997 Leptin activates neurons in ventrobasal hypothalamus and brainstem . Endocrinology 138 839 – 842 . ( doi:10.1210/endo.138.2.5033 ) Gaillard RC Spinedi E Chautard T Pralong FP 2000 Cytokines, leptin, and the
Donald Pfaff
Donald Pfaff
Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
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apparent redundancy between ascending NA and muscarinic cholinergic afferents to the hypothalamus helps to guarantee that the system will not fail, thus exemplifying a design characteristic prominent in brainstem arousal system neurobiology. In any case
K Alexander H Iwen
K Alexander H Iwen
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Oezge Senyaman
Oezge Senyaman
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Arne Schwartz
Arne Schwartz
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Maren Drenckhan
Maren Drenckhan
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Britta Meier
Britta Meier
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Dirk Hadaschik
Dirk Hadaschik
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Johannes Klein
Johannes Klein
Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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tissue in vitro . Journal of Clinical Investigation 37 1549 – 1555 . Williams DL Bowers RR Bartness TJ Kaplan JM Grill HJ 2003 Brainstem melanocortin 3/4 receptor stimulation increases uncoupling protein gene expression in brown fat
T Nanmoku
T Nanmoku
Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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K Takekoshi
K Takekoshi
Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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T Fukuda
T Fukuda
Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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K Ishii
K Ishii
Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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K Isobe
K Isobe
Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Y Kawakami
Y Kawakami
Department of Clinical Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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receptors have been reported to be expressed in numerous areas of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hypothalamus and brainstem. Interestingly, PrRP has been colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-expressing medullary A1 and A2 neurons
