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Nigel Irwin School of Biomedical Sciences, The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Pamela Frizelle School of Biomedical Sciences, The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Finbarr P M O'Harte School of Biomedical Sciences, The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Peter R Flatt School of Biomedical Sciences, The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK

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Introduction Cholecystokinin (CCK) is considered to be an important hormone in terms of biological effects on food intake and overall energy balance ( Rehfeld 2011 ). CCK was first isolated from porcine duodenal mucosa as a 33 amino acid intestinal

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Manuel D Gahete Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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David Rincón-Fernández Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Alicia Villa-Osaba Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Daniel Hormaechea-Agulla Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Antonio J Martínez-Fuentes Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Francisco Gracia-Navarro Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Justo P Castaño Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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Raúl M Luque Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain

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-paracrine regulation of human adrenal growth ( Tortorella et al . 2003 ), while it might exert an indirect role, via ACTH release, on glucocorticoid secretion. Nonendocrine actions Regulation of energy balance, appetite, and body temperature AG promotes a positive

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Alyce M Martin College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Emily W Sun College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Damien J Keating College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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in the regulation in glucose homeostasis through their differential actions on the liver and endocrine pancreas. They also play important roles in maintaining energy balance by modulating nutrient absorption, mobilization of fat stores from adipose

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F J Steyn School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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T Y Xie School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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L Huang School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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S T Ngo School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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J D Veldhuis School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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M J Waters School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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C Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research, Endocrine Research Unit, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia

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( Cornford et al . 2011 , 2012 ). In this context, impairments to GH secretion may precede obesity, while contributing to normal endocrine adaptations that minimize the physiological impact of sustained positive energy balance. GH secretion declines

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Katherine N Balantekin Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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Martin J Kretz Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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pharmacotherapies for treating obesity, the GLP-1 system may also be a promising target for treating BED and BN ( McElroy et al. 2018 , Richards et al. 2023 ). Here, we briefly discuss the role of GLP-1 in normal energy balance control. We then review evidence

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Iyad H Manaserh Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Emily Maly Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Marziyeh Jahromi Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Lakshmikanth Chikkamenahalli Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Joshua Park Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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Jennifer Hill Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA

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that this line of mice exhibit a specific deletion of the Ir in astrocytes. Using this model, we first examined energy balance and glucose regulation. There were no significant differences in mean bodyweight between Ir KO GFAP and Ir lxop mice

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Julie Takada Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Miriam Helena Fonseca-Alaniz Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Tarcila Beatriz Ferraz de Campos Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Sandra Andreotti Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Amanda Baron Campana Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maristela Okamoto Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Cristina das Neves Borges-Silva Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Ubiratan Fabres Machado Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Fabio Bessa Lima Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Prof Lineu Prestes Avenue, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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(WAT) plays a crucial role in energy homeostasis to include insulin sensitivity, appetite control, energy balance, immunity, angiogenesis, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism, by secreting a wide range of bioactive proteins termed ‘adipokines

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Johanna L Barclay School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Hadiya Agada School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Christina Jang School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Micheal Ward School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Neil Wetzig School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Ken K Y Ho School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Introduction Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in thermoregulation and energy balance in rodents. Thermogenesis in BAT is achieved by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which dissociates ATP synthesis from the mitochondrial

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Johannes Klein
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Sören Westphal
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Daniel Kraus
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Britta Meier
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Nina Perwitz
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Volker Ott
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Mathias Fasshauer
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H Harald Klein
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interesting new therapeutic perspectives for treating insulin resistance and energy balance disorders ( Tiraby & Langin 2003 , Tiraby et al. 2003 ). We have previously demonstrated robust leptin secretion in brown adipocytes ( Klein et al. 2002 , Kraus

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Elżbieta Król Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK

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John R Speakman Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK

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adiposity in animals, which are normally highly resistant to perturbations in their energy balance, provides a potentially useful model for exploring the phenomenon of leptin resistance. Since many of these annual changes require time to develop, they must

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