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adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in mitigating or enhancing the effects of clock genes on their own targets. The exact role of glucocorticoids in this context has yet to be fully elucidated. However, it is generally accepted that their circadian rhythm
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones that are released in response to stress and play a crucial role in inflammation and in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Within key metabolic target tissues, notably the liver
Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Environmental Epigenetics and Development, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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maternal stress/anxiety/depression, maternal obesity, maternal glucocorticoid exposure and altered level of maternal care. While early studies in the field were confined to animal models, more recently, they have been extended to include humans. The
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Edinburgh Preclinical Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Introduction Corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, exert a variety of effects on the cardiovascular system. Excessive glucocorticoid levels, whether endogenous as in Cushing’s disease, or exogenous through pharmacotherapy
School of Women's and Infants' Health, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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School of Women's and Infants' Health, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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School of Women's and Infants' Health, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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School of Women's and Infants' Health, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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control of HPA activity in late gestation in the fetal sheep ( Keller-Wood et al . 2006 ). Hippocampal corticosteroid receptors (both type 1 (mineralocorticoid receptor, MR) and type 2 (glucocorticoid receptor, GR)) and metabolizing enzymes (11β
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−9 M for T 3 ), low V max enzyme that is only capable of IRD and is relatively insensitive to PTU ( Bianco et al. 2002 ). Glucocorticoids have been demonstrated to affect thyroid function by interacting at both the central and peripheral
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroids produced by the adrenal glands and within lymphoid organs such as the bone marrow, thymus, and spleen ( Schmidt et al . 2008 , Taves et al. 2017 ). In mice, corticosterone is the primary
Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of steroid hormones critical for whole-body energy homeostasis ( Tomlinson & Stewart 2001 ). GCs serve as stress response hormones driving GC receptor-mediated transcription to alter metabolic
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Introduction Glucocorticoid (GC) excess, whether of endogenous (e.g., Cushing's syndrome, stress) or exogenous (e.g., topical or systemic therapy) origin, adversely affects multiple elements of wound healing, causing prolonged discomfort and
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Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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and epigenetics. Osteoblastogenesis is influenced by pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and glucocorticoid signaling, among others ( Day et al. 2005 , Bennett et al. 2007