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Franka S Schaebs Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Leipzig, Germany

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Tanja E Wolf Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa

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Verena Behringer Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Leipzig, Germany

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Tobias Deschner Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Leipzig, Germany

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relation to their environment. The investigation of energy balance in primates is particularly interesting, as they have exceptionally slow rates of growth, reproduction, aging and a low metabolic rate ( Pontzer et al. 2014 ). Assessing energetic

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Ulrika Bergström Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Charlotte Lindfors Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Marie Svedberg Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Jeanette E Johansen Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Jenny Häggkvist Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Martin Schalling Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Rolf Wibom Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Abram Katz Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

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Ida A K Nilsson Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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animals, the levels of glucose transporter proteins are not considered to limit brain glucose utilization ( Vannucci et al . 1997 ). Finally, intracellular variables related to metabolic rate may explain the differences in glucose uptake. It is well

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Ken K Y Ho Centres for Health Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland and The Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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, metabolic rate ( Kenny et al. 2017 ). The chemical energy of a nutrient liberated by oxidation is in part lost as heat and in part transferred to a variety of high-energy compounds, such as ATP ( Silva 2006 ). Approximately 60, 67 and 68% of the energy

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Amanda E Brandon Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Ella Stuart Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Simon J Leslie Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Kyle L Hoehn Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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David E James Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Edward W Kraegen Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Nigel Turner Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Gregory J Cooney Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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this study was to determine whether older Acc2 −/− mice displayed alterations in body composition and insulin action, due to chronic changes in FAO over a more prolonged timeframe than our previous studies. Furthermore, because metabolic rate

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Cintia B Ueta Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Gustavo W Fernandes Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Luciane P Capelo Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Tatiane L Fonseca Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Flávia D'Angelo Maculan Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Cecilia H A Gouveia Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Patrícia C Brum Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Marcelo A Christoffolete Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Marcelo S Aoki Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Carmen L Lancellotti Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Brian Kim Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Antonio C Bianco Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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Miriam O Ribeiro Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil

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) have no significant defect in basal metabolic rate, adaptive response to cold exposure ( Susulic et al . 1995 ), or metabolic response to diet-induced obesity ( Rohrer 1998 ). These animals do exhibit upregulation of β 1 (not β 2 ) adrenergic

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Antonius Plagge
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Gavin Kelsey Physiological Laboratory, Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

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Emily L Germain-Lee Physiological Laboratory, Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

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•Increased food intake •Increased metabolic rate •Hypoglycaemia •Hypoinsulinaemia •Hypolipidaemia •Increased glucose tolerance and glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue

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P Venditti
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G Chiellini Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Department of Toxicology, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Napoli, Italy

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L Di Stefano
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G Napolitano
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R Zucchi Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Department of Toxicology, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Napoli, Italy

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A Columbano Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Department of Toxicology, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Napoli, Italy

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T S Scanlan Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, Department of Toxicology, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Via Mezzocannone 8, I-80134 Napoli, Italy

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S Di Meo
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Introduction Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) is involved in a variety of physiological processes including energy expenditure regulation. It, indeed, increases basal metabolic rate as a result of the stimulation of numerous metabolic pathways ( Silva 1995

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C García-Luna Department of Neurosciences Research, Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico

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P Soberanes-Chávez Department of Neurosciences Research, Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico

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P de Gortari Department of Neurosciences Research, Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico

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levels, HPT axis should be activated promoting and increased metabolic rate, but instead, hypophysiotropic PVN pro Trh mRNA expression was decreased. We exposed animals of the three groups to a 48-h fasting in addition to veh or leptin i

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Ines Ross Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA

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Denzel B Omengan Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
Cardiovascular Research Institute & Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Guo N Huang Cardiovascular Research Institute & Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Alexander Y Payumo Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA

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increases basal metabolic rate, which in turn leads to body heat production, oxygen consumption, and ATP hydrolysis ( Shahid et al. 2021 ). For example, Gerdes et al. uncovered that T4-treated animals exhibited decreased body weights accompanied by

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F Aréchiga-Ceballos Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México
Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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E Alvarez-Salas Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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G Matamoros-Trejo Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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M I Amaya Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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C García-Luna Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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P de Gortari Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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metabolic rate during food deficit. This adaptability may be compromised in adults subjected to stress, malnutrition ( Ravelli et al . 1976 , Parsons et al . 2001 ) or overfeeding during prenatal and early post-natal periods ( Rodrigues et al . 2009

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