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Discipline of Reproductive Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Mother’s and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Discipline of Reproductive Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Mother’s and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Discipline of Reproductive Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Mother’s and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Discipline of Reproductive Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Mother’s and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Discipline of Reproductive Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Mother’s and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Introduction Prostaglandins (PGs) produced by intrauterine tissues play important roles throughout gestation. In early human pregnancy, PGs are involved in implantation, pregnancy recognition and the immune tolerance of the fetus
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Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, Center for Prenatal Biology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
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Institute for Fetology and Reproductive Medicine Center, Center for Prenatal Biology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, People's Republic of China
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as renal injury in adults ( Barker 1992 , Boero et al . 2002 , du Cailar et al . 2002 , Logan 2006 ). There has been a fairly large body of research on the impacts of salt exposure in pregnancy ( Coelho et al . 2006 , Digby et al . 2010
Research Centre for Early Origins of Health and Disease, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Stem Cell Research Centre, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, Research and Innovation Unit, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Research Centre for Early Origins of Health and Disease, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Stem Cell Research Centre, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, Research and Innovation Unit, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Research Centre for Early Origins of Health and Disease, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Stem Cell Research Centre, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, Research and Innovation Unit, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Research Centre for Early Origins of Health and Disease, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Stem Cell Research Centre, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, Research and Innovation Unit, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Research Centre for Early Origins of Health and Disease, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Stem Cell Research Centre, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, Research and Innovation Unit, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Research Centre for Early Origins of Health and Disease, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Stem Cell Research Centre, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Discipline of Agricultural and Animal Science, Research and Innovation Unit, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Introduction Primiparity and adolescent pregnancies each restrict fetal growth in humans and other species, including pigs ( Ritter et al . 1984 , Rasmussen & Fischbeck 1987 , Bryan & Hindmarsh 2006 ). These may both contribute to the reduced
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the ovaries from days 7 to 20 of pregnancy in the rat when the PKC activity was measured in a way that prevented interference by protein phosphatases ( Eyster et al . 1993 ). In contrast, protein phosphatase activity declined between days 7 and 10 of
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The alterations in water homeostasis which accompany human pregnancy provide a unique example of resetting of osmolar control. The changes have inherent interest as a physiological adaptive mechanism, but do they have pathological significance for patients with previously unrecognized disturbance of water balance? In this commentary we highlight briefly the physiological changes in osmoregulation which occur in pregnancy. The possible mechanisms for these changes, including alterations in the metabolism and action of arginine vasopressin (AVP), are described and we attempt to relate these to the rare, but well recognized, phenomenon of exacerbation of subclinical diabetes insipidus in pregnancy. The tentative associations between AVP metabolism, pre-eclampsia and diabetes insipidus are also addressed.
Physiological water retention of pregnancy
Normal pregnancy is characterized by an early decrease in serum osmolality of up to 10 mosmol/kg which continues throughout gestation (Davison, Valloton & Lindheimer, 1981). This hypotonicity is maintained by a decreased osmotic threshold
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Introduction During pregnancy, there is an increased need for insulin to accommodate the developing insulin resistance and growing fetal compartment. The pancreatic islets of Langerhans meet this demand by increasing both insulin secretion and islet
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SUMMARY
A histological and histochemical study has been made of ovaries obtained from patients in early pregnancy, the duration of pregnancy varying from 6 to 20 weeks. During the first 10 weeks of pregnancy ovarian structure is virtually unchanged, compared with the post-ovulatory state. From 10 weeks onwards new Graafian follicles appear. These are limited in size, most achieving a maximum diameter of 4 mm. They are characterized by an early and excessive thecal development. Atresia overtakes these follicles and this occurs at all stages of development, suggesting a sudden and possibly recurrent change in gonadotrophic stimulation. Despite atresia the theca persists but histochemical tests suggest that its functional activity is limited. This loss of activity is associated with a recognizable histological change in the thecal cell. It is suggested that most of the alterations in ovarian structure are due to changes in the quality and quantity of gonadotrophins produced at this period of pregnancy.
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Introduction In the rat, maternal cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy is initiated 2 days after implantation and is manifested by expanded stroke volume as well as increased heart contractility ( Slangen et al. 1997 ). In effect
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SUMMARY
1. Furazolidone (0·75 g/kg) will interrupt pregnancy in mice.
2. Foetal tissue is particularly sensitive to the drug at the time of or before implantation of the ovum.
3. Intra-amniotic injection of furazolidone in rabbits causes foetal death and resorption.
4. Furazolidone applied locally does not antagonize the proliferative effect of progesterone on rabbit endometrium.
5. The mode of action of furazolidone on pregnancy is discussed. It is suggested that it acts directly on the foetus.
Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First, Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First, Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First, Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First, Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First, Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First, Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First, Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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. The major, if not the only physiological IGFBP-4 protease is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a metalloproteinase in the metzincin superfamily ( Lawrence et al. 1999 , Boldt et al. 2001 ). PAPP-A is expressed by a variety of cells
