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Charlotte van Noord Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Wendy M van der Deure Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Miriam C J M Sturkenboom Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Sabine M J M Straus Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Albert Hofman Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Theo J Visser Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Jan A Kors Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Jacqueline C M Witteman Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Bruno H Ch Stricker Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Departments of, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, The Inspectorate for Health Care, The Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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limited data concerning hyperthyroidism and the duration of the QTc interval, we studied the association of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (T 4 ) with the QTc interval in a prospective, population-based study of elderly. Materials and Methods Setting

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Mone Zaidi The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Maria I New The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Harry C Blair The Pittsburgh VA Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Alberta Zallone Department of Histology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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Ramkumarie Baliram The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Terry F Davies The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Christopher Cardozo The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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James Iqbal The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Li Sun The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Tony Yuen The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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pituitary hormones. GH, ACTH, FSH, TSH, PRL, OXT and AVP regulate both osteoclasts and osteoblasts directly through GPCRs. Certain ligands, namely OXT, TSHβ v and ACTH, are also produced in bone marrow by macrophages and/or osteoblasts. TSH and

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Cesidio Giuliani
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Ines Bucci
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Valeria Montani
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Dinah S Singer Unit of Endocrinology, Experimental Immunology Branch, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University ‘G. D'Annunzio’ and Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), ‘Gabriele D'Annunzio’ University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy

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Fabrizio Monaco
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Leonard D Kohn Unit of Endocrinology, Experimental Immunology Branch, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, University ‘G. D'Annunzio’ and Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), ‘Gabriele D'Annunzio’ University Foundation, via Colle dell'Ara, Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy

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Giorgio Napolitano
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thyroid disease has been supported by several clinical and experimental observations. For example, mice immunized with fibroblasts expressing both human TSH receptor (TSHR) and an MHC class-II molecule develop pathological features of Graves' disease

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Takahiko Kogai Physiology, Departments of

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Saima Sajid-Crockett Physiology, Departments of

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Lynell S Newmarch Physiology, Departments of

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Yan-Yun Liu Physiology, Departments of

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Gregory A Brent Physiology, Departments of
Physiology, Departments of

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. Reduced NIS mRNA expression, as well as reduced NIS trafficking to the plasma membrane, has been reported in differentiated thyroid cancer ( Kogai et al . 2006) . TSH induces NIS expression in thyroid follicular cells ( Kogai et al . 1997 , Saito et

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Xianghui Meng Chinese Medicine Hospital in Linyi City, Linyi, China

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Shuhang Xu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Guofang Chen Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Michael Derwahl Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany

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Chao Liu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Introduction Metformin, the most widely used antidiabetic drug, is considered as the cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatments. Surprisingly, a few years ago, it has been reported that serum TSH level in hypothyroid patients decreased in

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Sayaka Aizawa Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo‐ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan

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Takafumi Sakai Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo‐ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan

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Ichiro Sakata Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo‐ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan

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mammalian PT contains two cell types: hormone-producing cells and folliculo-stellate cells. In general, the hormone-producing cells in the PT are glycoprotein hormone cells, i.e. the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cells and gonado-tropic hormone cells

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Mark E Peterson Animal Endocrine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, 21 West 100th Street, New York, New York 10025, USA
Animal Endocrine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, 21 West 100th Street, New York, New York 10025, USA

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-stimulating hormone (TSH) is suppressed in these cats as a result of their chronic hyperthyroid state ( Gerber et al . 1985 , Capen 2001 , Peterson 2013 b ). Figure 2 Histologic section of a hyperthyroid cat goiter obtained at surgery stained with periodic acid

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Branka Šošić-Jurjević
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Branko Filipović
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Kostja Renko Department of Cytology, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Boulevard 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

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Vladimir Ajdžanović
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Milica Manojlović-Stojanoski
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Verica Milošević
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Josef Köhrle Department of Cytology, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Boulevard 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

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more clearly evident than in humans: young adult males have higher serum TSH levels than females ( Chen 1984 , Banu et al . 2001 , Marassi et al . 2007 ). In addition to effects on hypothalamic–pituitary hormone regulation ( Donda et al . 1990

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Caroline C Faria Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Leonardo Matta Pereira Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Luiz Gabriel Portilho Moreira Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Kathelinie Celestino Faustino Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Milena Simões Peixoto Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Denise Pires Carvalho Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Rodrigo Soares Fortunato Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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sex difference remain unclear ( Hollowell et al. 2002 , Sung et al. 2021 ). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the major regulator of thyroid cell biology. It controls function, size, number, and differentiation through signaling pathways

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Pierre Hofstee School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport

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Janelle James-McAlpine School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia

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Daniel R McKeating School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport

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Jessica J Vanderlelie The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

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James S M Cuffe The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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Anthony V Perkins The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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serum samples with the mean concentrations of selenium detected in the entire cohort. Exclusion criteria The final dataset comprised of 63 women. Serum concentrations of fT4, fT 3 , TSH, and TPOAb were determined in the samples collected from

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