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Kenichi Serizawa Product Research Department, Product Research Department, Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan

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Kenji Yogo Product Research Department, Product Research Department, Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan

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Yoshihito Tashiro Product Research Department, Product Research Department, Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan

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Satoshi Takeda Product Research Department, Product Research Department, Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan

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Ryohei Kawasaki Product Research Department, Product Research Department, Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan

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Ken Aizawa Product Research Department, Product Research Department, Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan

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Koichi Endo Product Research Department, Product Research Department, Medical Science Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan

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euthanized by exsanguination under anesthesia with thiobutabarbital, and femoral arteries and bone marrow were harvested and frozen in liquid N 2 immediately after isolation and stored in a −80 °C freezer. Equal amounts of protein extracts were separated on

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Kenneth A Philbrick Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Carmen P Wong Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Adam J Branscum Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

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delivery of leptin from the hormone’s origin in peripheral adipose tissue to the hypothalamus, may function to guarantee that adequate energy is available for important anabolic processes such as bone growth and turnover and that these actions are

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Eugenie Macfarlane Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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mice, Pierce et al. (2022) , showed that low bone mass and the accumulation of bone marrow adipose tissue persisted with ageing in 21-month-old GR Osx1 mice compared to controls. In particular, GR Osx1 mice displayed impaired cortical bone growth

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Tomoaki Hayakawa Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Tomomi Minemura Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Toshiharu Onodera Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Jihoon Shin Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Yosuke Okuno Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Atsunori Fukuhara Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
Department of Adipose Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Michio Otsuki Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Iichiro Shimomura Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Introduction The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the steroid receptor family of ligand activated transcription factors. MR is expressed in several tissues, including the kidney, heart, colon, brain and adipose tissue ( Armani

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Cátia F Gonçalves Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Qing-Jun Meng Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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, it has been suggested that PTHrP also conveys time information to articular chondrocytes ( Okubo et al. 2015 ), although definitive evidence is still lacking. Bone Bone is a specialised connective tissue that provides mechanical integrity

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Milos Mraz Third Department of Medicine – Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague, U nemocnice 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic

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Martin Haluzik Third Department of Medicine – Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague, U nemocnice 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic

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systemic circulation. Studies on animals with macrophage antigen CD45.2 that were transplanted with CD45.1 + bone marrow showed that 85% of ATMs came from the transplanted tissue and only 15% were from the animals themselves ( Weisberg et al . 2003

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Miriam Thomalla Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany

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Andreas Schmid Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany

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Elena Neumann Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Giessen and Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany

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Petra Ina Pfefferle Comprehensive Biomaterial Bank Marburg (CBBMR), Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Ulf Müller-Ladner Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Giessen and Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany

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Andreas Schäffler Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany

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Thomas Karrasch Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany

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Introduction The ‘obesity epidemic’ in Western societies and its associated morbidity and mortality has focused the attention of the scientific community on adipose tissue in health and disease ( Abdullah et al . 2011 , Shamseddeen et al

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Hong-Hui Wang College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Qian Cui Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Teng Zhang State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Lei Guo State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Ming-Zhe Dong College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Yi Hou State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Zhen-Bo Wang State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Wei Shen Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Jun-Yu Ma Laboratory for Germ Cell Metabolism, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Qing-Yuan Sun College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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). It was also reported that sex hormone imbalance was causally related with visceral adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction and visceral obesity ( Zhang & Sairam 2014 ). Besides, it was found that the vertebral bone marrow fat fraction increased during the

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Iris Boraschi-Diaz Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Josephine T Tauer Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Omar El-Rifai Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Delphine Guillemette Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Département de Mathématiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Geneviève Lefebvre Département de Mathématiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Frank Rauch Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Mathieu Ferron Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Départements de Médecine et de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Svetlana V Komarova Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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lower bone mineral density, decreased bone volume/tissue volume, and weaker, more brittle bones than their wild type (WT) littermates ( Chen et al . 2014 , Roschger et al . 2014 ). The Col1a1 Jrt/+ mouse has spontaneous fractures and deformities

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Fan He School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Xiaozhen Liu School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Ke Xiong School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Sijin Chen School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Long Zhou School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Wenguo Cui School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Guoqing Pan School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Zong-Ping Luo School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Ming Pei School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Yihong Gong School of Engineering, Orthopaedic Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Introduction The pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) makes them a promising cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In addition, MSCs can easily be isolated from various adult tissues, especially from the bone marrow

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