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SUMMARY
In the present study the circadian changes which occur in the levels of corticosterone in the brain and plasma in Sprague–Dawley rats are reported. The levels of corticosterone in the brain were found to have a daily trough and crest with timing similar to that observed for the plasma steroid. In addition, the effect of histamine stress on the corticosterone content of the particulate and the soluble fractions at the trough and crest was examined. The levels of both brain fractions were significantly higher 20 min after histamine injection. The time of day at which the stress was applied was not a significant factor in the magnitude of the stress response.
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which estrogen-dependent activities in the absence of ERs seem to predominately operate through GPR30 ( Filardo & Thomas 2005 ). At the brain level, an elevated number of estrogen-dependent neuronal actions in areas such as hypothalamus (HTH), which is
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Maternal thyroid status influences early brain development and, consequently, cognitive and motor function in humans and rats. The biochemical targets of maternal thyroid hormone (TH) action in fetal brain remain poorly defined. A partially thyroidectomized rat dam model was therefore used to investigate the influence of maternal hypothyroxinemia on the specific activities of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes in the developing brain. Maternal hypothyroxinemia was associated with reduced monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in fetal whole brain at 16 and 19 days gestation (dg). A similar trend was observed for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. In contrast, DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) activity was markedly elevated at 21 dg. Further study of these enzymes at 14 dg showed no differences between normal and experimental progeny - suggesting they become TH sensitive after this age. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were unaffected prenatally. During postnatal development, the activities of TyrH, MAO, DDC and, to a lesser extent, AChE were increased in a brain region- and age-specific manner in experimental progeny. The prenatal disturbances noted in this study may have wide-ranging consequences since they occur when neurotransmitters have putative neurotropic roles in brain development. Furthermore, the chronic disturbances in enzyme activity observed during postnatal life may affect neurotransmission, thereby contributing to the behavioural dysfunction seen in adult progeny of hypothyroxinemic dams.
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
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The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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fetal growth and development, especially at a time when the brain is vulnerable to changes ( Moisiadis & Matthews 2014 ), and impact placental structure and function ( Burton et al. 2016 ). Despite this longstanding hypothesis, a clear relationship
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SUMMARY
Plasma cortisol, GH and LH responses to electrical stimulation of the orbital part of the frontal lobe and the cingulate area of the brain were studied in patients undergoing limbic leucotomy. In six out of 15 patients the plasma cortisol levels increased by 5·7–18·0 μg/100 ml after orbito-frontal stimulation whereas plasma GH values did not rise during this period. Plasma LH levels remained unchanged. No definite hormone responses could be attributed to stimulation of the cingulate area. It appears that the orbito-frontal area of the brain is concerned with augmenting the release of ACTH but not that of GH or LH.
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The influence of adrenalectomy on the level of immunoreactive 18–24 ACTH extracted from hypothalamus, hippocampus and pituitary gland of rats was investigated. Brain ACTH was further characterized by fractionation by gel-permeation chromatography. Porcine 1–39 ACTH was exposed to synaptic plasma membranes in vitro in order to evaluate the role of metabolic conversion in changes of brain ACTH content.
Removal of the adrenals, when compared with sham-adrenalectomy, resulted in a transient depletion of ACTH content in the anterior pituitary gland and the hippocampus, but not in the hypothalamus and the neurointermediate lobe. However, sham-adrenalectomy caused a transient reduction in levels of ACTH when compared with levels before operation in all tissues studied.
The effects of adrenalectomy on hippocampal ACTH content persisted in hypophysectomized rats. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with corticosterone failed to restore the reduced ACTH content when it was administered in doses that completely suppressed the release of pituitary ACTH. Adrenal steroids, however, may exert a direct effect on the metabolism of ACTH in the brain as judged from the in-vitro studies with porcine 1–39 ACTH exposed to a synaptosomal plasma membrane fraction of hippocampal tissue. The present study suggests that control of brain ACTH occurs independently of the control of pituitary ACTH release.
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localises to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Agarwal & Garg 2004 , Szymanski et al . 2007 ). Although initially reported to be most highly expressed in the brain, it is also highly expressed in adipocytes ( Magre et al . 2001 , Payne et al . 2008
Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Nikko, Tochigi 321-1661, Japan
Laboratory of Brain Science, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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-endocrine, behavioural, sensory and autonomic functions ( Panula et al. 1996 , 1999 , Ibata et al. 2000 ). We previously identified a novel hypothalamic dodecapeptide, Ser-Ile-Lys-Pro-Ser-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH 2 , in the brain of Japanese quail
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Introduction Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP, also known as Nppb) is secreted from cardiac ventricles predominantly ( Mukoyama et al . 1991 , Yasue et al . 1994 , Bonow 1996 ), and the plasma level of BNP is elevated in various cardiac
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ABSTRACT
Exposure of the developing female brain to a 5α-dihydrotestosterone surge on day 18 of gestation resulted in defeminization and slight masculinization of the brain. In contrast, abolition of the androgenic effects of the testosterone peak naturally occurring in male fetuses on day 18 of gestation by exposure of the developing male brain to cyproterone acetate, at that time, resulted in demasculinization while feminization was not affected. On the basis of these results, we suggest that both the prenatal testosterone peak and the high testosterone levels occurring in males neonatally are necessary for aromatization sufficient to effect complete male rat brain sexual differentiation.
J. Endocr. (1986) 108, 281–285
