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. 2004 , Laermans et al . 2015 ). Diurnal rhythms in plasma ghrelin levels and gastric ghrelin expression are abolished in mice that lack the core clock gene Bmal1 , indicating that ghrelin levels are regulated by the circadian clock ( Laermans et al
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The Lawson Health Research Institute and the Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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terms are shown at maximum. Each bubble is the -log 10 ( P -value) for the respective term and is sized according to the gene ratio. Across the GO:BP, GO:CC, and KEGG enriched terms, we observed common terms related to circadian rhythm
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Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
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Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
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Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
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), the CORT level changes in both the plasma and brain along the circadian rhythm ( Migeon et al . 1956 , Moore & Eichler 1972 , Qian et al . 2012 ). Qian et al . showed the high synchronicity of CORT oscillation between the blood and hippocampus by
Department of Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México
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Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México
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with the disturbance in the rhythm of food intake is important for metabolic dysregulation. In this sense, alteration of daily secretion of glucocorticoids and melatonin caused by circadian disruption (shift-work, extended illumination exposure or
Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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expression is regulated by circadian rhythm, starvation, CCK, gastrin, and other factors, possibly via extracellular fluid or satellite cells. CCK and gastrin receptors are expressed in vagal afferent neurons, implying that the regulation of GHS-R gene
Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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), ITA and XIAP ( Jordan et al. 2001 ), UNC5H1 ( Williams et al. 2003 ), ROR2 ( Matsuda et al. 2003 ) and RORα ( Wang et al. 2010 ) to regulate neural development, cell apoptosis and proliferation and circadian rhythm. We and others have showed
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Although melatonin treatment has been shown to phase shift human circadian rhythms, it still remains ambiguous as to whether exogenous melatonin can entrain a free-running circadian system. We have studied seven blind male subjects with no light perception who exhibited free-running urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and cortisol rhythms. In a single-blind design, five subjects received placebo or 5 mg melatonin p.o. daily at 2100 h for a full circadian cycle (35-71 days). The remaining two subjects also received melatonin (35-62 days) but not placebo. Urinary aMT6s and cortisol (n=7) and core body temperature (n=1) were used as phase markers to assess the effects of melatonin on the During melatonin treatment, four of the seven free-running subjects exhibited a shortening of their cortisol circadian period (tau). Three of these had taus which were statistically indistinguishable from entrainment. In contrast, the remaining three subjects continued to free-run during the melatonin treatment at a similar tau as prior to and following treatment. The efficacy of melatonin to entrain the free-running cortisol rhythms appeared to be dependent on the circadian phase at which the melatonin treatment commenced. These results show for the first time that daily melatonin administration can entrain free-running circadian rhythms in some blind subjects assessed using reliable physiological markers of the circadian system.
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. In addition, fasted adult offspring from FR70 dams during gestation displayed no marked reduced α-MSH-immunoreactive fibre projection intensity in the PVN ( Breton et al . 2009 ). Maternal reduced nutrition modifies circadian rhythms in the offspring
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SUMMARY
The circadian rhythm of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) excretion in Europeans and Equatorial Amerindians has been compared. The precise daily habits of the Equatorial Amerindians did not result in a more marked rhythm of 17-OHCS excretion. Amerindian men and women excreted much less 17-OHCS than their European counterparts; the difference is still substantial when body weight is taken into consideration. The rhythm of 17-OHCS excretion in Amerindians had a minimum and maximum corresponding to their early reveille and bedtime confirming the importance of environmental stimuli in setting the timing of the rhythm.
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1984 ). Daily changes in melatonin secretion also result in a prominent circadian rhythm of Prl secretion in the ram during long days; however, the timing of this cycle shifted and the rate of secretion diminished after exposure to short days
