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Anneleen Segers Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Louis Desmet Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Shu Sun Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Kristin Verbeke Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Jan Tack Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Inge Depoortere Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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. 2004 , Laermans et al . 2015 ). Diurnal rhythms in plasma ghrelin levels and gastric ghrelin expression are abolished in mice that lack the core clock gene Bmal1 , indicating that ghrelin levels are regulated by the circadian clock ( Laermans et al

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Sebastian R Vanin Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Kendrick Lee Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mina Nashed Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Brennan Tse Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mohammed Sarikahya Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Sukham Brar Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Gregg Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Amica-Mariae Lucas Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Thane Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Steven R Laviolette Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Edith J Arany Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Daniel B Hardy Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
The Lawson Health Research Institute and the Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada

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terms are shown at maximum. Each bubble is the -log 10 ( P -value) for the respective term and is sized according to the gene ratio. Across the GO:BP, GO:CC, and KEGG enriched terms, we observed common terms related to circadian rhythm

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Muneki Ikeda Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Yasushi Hojo Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Masahiro Okamoto Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Asami Kato Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Taishi Takeda Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Suguru Kawato Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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), the CORT level changes in both the plasma and brain along the circadian rhythm ( Migeon et al . 1956 , Moore & Eichler 1972 , Qian et al . 2012 ). Qian et al . showed the high synchronicity of CORT oscillation between the blood and hippocampus by

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Adrián Báez-Ruiz Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
Department of Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México

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Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México

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Fernando Cázarez-Márquez Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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Elizabeth Sabath Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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María del Carmen Basualdo Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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Roberto Salgado-Delgado Department of Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México

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Carolina Escobar Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México

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Ruud M Buijs Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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with the disturbance in the rhythm of food intake is important for metabolic dysregulation. In this sense, alteration of daily secretion of glucocorticoids and melatonin caused by circadian disruption (shift-work, extended illumination exposure or

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Miho Sato Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan

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Keiko Nakahara Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan

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Mikiya Miyazato Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan

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Kenji Kangawa Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan

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Noboru Murakami Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan

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expression is regulated by circadian rhythm, starvation, CCK, gastrin, and other factors, possibly via extracellular fluid or satellite cells. CCK and gastrin receptors are expressed in vagal afferent neurons, implying that the regulation of GHS-R gene

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Qinghua Wang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China

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Jing Tang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Shujun Jiang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Zan Huang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Anying Song State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Siyuan Hou State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Xiang Gao State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Hai-Bin Ruan Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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), ITA and XIAP ( Jordan et al. 2001 ), UNC5H1 ( Williams et al. 2003 ), ROR2 ( Matsuda et al. 2003 ) and RORα ( Wang et al. 2010 ) to regulate neural development, cell apoptosis and proliferation and circadian rhythm. We and others have showed

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SW Lockley
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DJ Skene
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K James
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K Thapan
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J Wright
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J Arendt
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Although melatonin treatment has been shown to phase shift human circadian rhythms, it still remains ambiguous as to whether exogenous melatonin can entrain a free-running circadian system. We have studied seven blind male subjects with no light perception who exhibited free-running urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and cortisol rhythms. In a single-blind design, five subjects received placebo or 5 mg melatonin p.o. daily at 2100 h for a full circadian cycle (35-71 days). The remaining two subjects also received melatonin (35-62 days) but not placebo. Urinary aMT6s and cortisol (n=7) and core body temperature (n=1) were used as phase markers to assess the effects of melatonin on the During melatonin treatment, four of the seven free-running subjects exhibited a shortening of their cortisol circadian period (tau). Three of these had taus which were statistically indistinguishable from entrainment. In contrast, the remaining three subjects continued to free-run during the melatonin treatment at a similar tau as prior to and following treatment. The efficacy of melatonin to entrain the free-running cortisol rhythms appeared to be dependent on the circadian phase at which the melatonin treatment commenced. These results show for the first time that daily melatonin administration can entrain free-running circadian rhythms in some blind subjects assessed using reliable physiological markers of the circadian system.

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Christophe Breton Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université Lille‐Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

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. In addition, fasted adult offspring from FR70 dams during gestation displayed no marked reduced α-MSH-immunoreactive fibre projection intensity in the PVN ( Breton et al . 2009 ). Maternal reduced nutrition modifies circadian rhythms in the offspring

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H. SIMPSON
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SUMMARY

The circadian rhythm of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) excretion in Europeans and Equatorial Amerindians has been compared. The precise daily habits of the Equatorial Amerindians did not result in a more marked rhythm of 17-OHCS excretion. Amerindian men and women excreted much less 17-OHCS than their European counterparts; the difference is still substantial when body weight is taken into consideration. The rhythm of 17-OHCS excretion in Amerindians had a minimum and maximum corresponding to their early reveille and bedtime confirming the importance of environmental stimuli in setting the timing of the rhythm.

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J L Crawford Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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B P Thomson Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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M F Beaumont Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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D C Eckery Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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1984 ). Daily changes in melatonin secretion also result in a prominent circadian rhythm of Prl secretion in the ram during long days; however, the timing of this cycle shifted and the rate of secretion diminished after exposure to short days

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