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R D Kineman
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T W Gettys
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L S Frawley
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Abstract

It is clear that dopamine (DA) at high concentrations (>100 nmol/l) inhibits the release of prolactin (PRL). Paradoxically, this monoamine at low concentrations (<10 nmol/l) has also been shown to augment PRL secretion. One possible explanation for these divergent effects is that DA binds receptors capable of interacting with multiple G protein subtypes that recruit opposing intracellular signaling pathways within lactotropes. To identify G proteins which couple DA receptor activation to PRL secretion, we have selectively immunoneutralized the activity of Giα3 and Gsα in primary cultures of rat pituitaries and subsequently tested the ability of these cultures to respond to high and low dose DA. Specifically, permeabilized pituitary cell cultures from random-cycling female rats were treated with control immunoglobulins (IgGs; 50 μg/ml) purified from preimmune serum (PII) or IgGs directed against the C-terminal portion of Giα3 or Gsα. After immunoneutralization of these G proteins, cells were challenged with 10 or 1000 nmol Da/l and the relative amount of PRL released was assessed by reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Results were expressed as % of basal values and compared. Under control conditions (PII), 1000 nmol DA/l inhibited (61·4 ±7·6% of basal values; mean ± s.e.m.) while 10 nmol DA/l augmented (120·0 ± 7·0%) PRL release in five separate experiments. Treatment of cells with anti-Giα3 attenuated the inhibitory effect of high dose DA (87·3 ± 14·5%). However, elimination of Giα3 activity did not significantly alter the PRL stimulatory effect of 10 nmol DA/l (121·0 ± 5·2%). Interestingly, immunoneutralization of Gsα resulted in a reciprocal shift in the activity of the lower dose of DA from stimulatory to inhibitory (69·7 ± 7·3%) while combined treatment of anti-Giα3 and anti-Gsα abrogated the responsiveness of pituitary cell cultures to either DA treatment (1000 nmol/l, 70·7 ± 12·5% and 10 nmol/l, 87·5 ± 21·4%). These data reveal that ligand-activated DA receptors can interact with both Giα3 and Gsα. Elimination of the stimulatory component (Gsα) favors the DA receptor activation of the inhibitory pathway (Giα3) suggesting a competition between negative and positive intracellular signaling mechanisms in normal lactotropes. In addition to DA treatment, we also challenged permeabilized pituitary cells with 100 nmol thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)/1 as a positive control for secretory integrity. As anticipated, TRH stimulated PRL release to 188·0±31·0% of basal values under control conditions. Unexpectedly, immunoneutralization of Gsα completely blocked the ability of TRH to induce PRL release (101·8 ± 12·0% This neutralizing effect was specific to Gsα in that blockade of Giα3 activity had no significant effect on TRH-stimulated PRL release (166·2 ± 13·1%). These data are the first to support a direct role of Gsα in TRH signal transduction within PRL-secreting cells.

Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 148, 447–455

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1480447
Volume/Issue:
Volume 148: Issue 3
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J. A. Milne
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A. S. I. Loudon
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A. M. Sibbald
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J. D. Curlewis
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A. S. McNeilly
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ABSTRACT

Three experiments were conducted in the period between July and November with non-lactating red deer hinds to describe the effects of treatment with melatonin during this period on voluntary food intake (VFI), the onset of the breeding season, coat changes and plasma concentrations of prolactin and tri-iodothyronine (T3), and to examine whether prolactin mediated the observed effects.

In experiment 1, eight animals were treated orally each day with either 10 mg melatonin at 16.00 h or 10 mg melatonin at 16.00 h plus 10 mg domperidone (a dopamine antagonist) given twice daily for 120 days from July; eight animals were maintained as controls. In experiment 2, the same numbers of animals per treatment were used to compare treatments in which 10 mg melatonin or 20 mg bromocriptine (a dopamine agonist) were given orally each day at 16.00 h for 119 days from late June and compared with an untreated control group. In experiment 3, six animals were treated daily for 105 days from mid August with 5 mg domperidone given i.m. and compared with six control animals.

In experiments 1 and 2, the VFI of control animals reached a peak in late August and thereafter declined. Melatonin-treated animals showed a similar pattern but the peak in VFI was significantly (P<0·05) advanced by 2 weeks compared with controls, although the VFIs of both groups were similar in November. The mean date of onset of the breeding season of the melatonin-treated animals was advanced significantly (P < 0·05) by 23 days in both experiments and the coats of these animals had less undercoat and were pale coloured and patchy compared with the controls. The changes in VFI, coat and the onset of the breeding season were associated with the rapid decline in plasma prolactin concentration after the start of the melatonin treatment and significantly (P<0·01) lower plasma T3 concentrations than those of control animals.

In experiments 1 and 3, plasma prolactin concentrations in animals treated with domperidone were higher than those of controls for periods of 2–3 weeks. These short-term increases in plasma prolactin concentration were not associated with changes in VFI, coat or onset of the breeding season compared with controls.

In experiment 2, the pattern of decline in plasma prolactin concentrations was the same in bromocriptine-treated animals as in the melatonin-treated animals; plasma T3 concentrations were also similar in the two groups. The pattern of change in VFI over time in bromocriptine-treated animals was significantly (P<0·05) different from that of melatonin-treated animals and there was also a reduced amount and length of winter coat in the bromocriptine-treated animals. The mean date of onset of the breeding season in bromocriptine-treated animals was not significantly different from that of controls. It was concluded that a reduction in plasma prolactin concentration induced by bromocriptine produced different effects from that induced by melatonin treatment and that the effects of melatonin are unlikely to be induced through changes in contemporary plasma prolactin concentrations.

Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 125, 241–249

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1250241
Volume/Issue:
Volume 125: Issue 2
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Anthony Raffo Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Kolbe Hancock Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Teresa Polito Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Yuli Xie Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Gordon Andan Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Piotr Witkowski Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Mark Hardy Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Pasquale Barba Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Caterina Ferrara Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Antonella Maffei Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Matthew Freeby Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Robin Goland Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Rudolph L Leibel Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Ian R Sweet Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Paul E Harris Department of Medicine, Barnard College, Department of Surgery of Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, BB 20-06, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA

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2000 ). β-Cells of the endocrine pancreas also express dopamine receptors (D2) and respond to exogenous dopamine with inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion ( Ahren & Lundquist 1985 , Niswender et al . 2005 , Rubi et al . 2005 , Shankar et

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-07-0632
Volume/Issue:
Volume 198: Issue 1
Free access
David R Grattan Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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catecholamine neurotransmitter, dopamine, rather than the more typical peptide hypothalamic hormones involved in regulating all other pituitary systems. Prolactin is also the only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have an endocrine target tissue, and

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0213
Volume/Issue:
Volume 226: Issue 2
Open access
Chunxiao Qi Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Xiaoming Ji Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Guoliang Zhang Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Yunxiao Kang Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Yuanxiang Huang Grade 2015 Eight-year Clinical Medicine Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Rui Cui Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Shuangcheng Li Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Huixian Cui Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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Geming Shi Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China

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neurotransmissions. An imbalance in dopamine (DA) neurotransmissions leads to either hyperactive or hypoactive neuropsychiatric disorders ( Mehler-Wex et al . 2006 , Howes & Kapur 2009 , Leckman et al . 2010 , Chen et al . 2013 ). Elevation of DA, as a driver

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-17-0642
Volume/Issue:
Volume 237: Issue 2
Free access
Isabel García-Tornadú Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Marcelo Rubinstein Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Bruce D Gaylinn Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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David Hill Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Edith Arany Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Malcolm J Low Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Graciela Díaz-Torga Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Damasia Becu-Villalobos Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental and
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and University of Buenos Aires, V. Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
UVA Health System Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Center for the Study of Weight Regulation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Introduction The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is the predominant dopamine-receptor subtype in the anterior pituitary and mediates dopamine’s inhibitory actions on lactotropes ( Missale et al. 1998 , Ben-Jonathan & Hnasko 2001

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06902
Volume/Issue:
Volume 190: Issue 3
Free access
E Y Faraoni Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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A I Abeledo Machado Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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P A Pérez Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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C A Marcial López Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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M A Camilletti Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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M Peña-Zanoni Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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S B Rulli Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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S Gutiérrez Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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G Díaz-Torga Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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& Couldwell 2004 , Gillam et al. 2006 , Schlechte 2007 ). As the primary inhibitory control of prolactin synthesis and release is mediated by dopamine, the standard treatment for patients with prolactinoma is with dopamine agonists. Even though most

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-19-0326
Volume/Issue:
Volume 244: Issue 2
Restricted access
Erik J Giltay Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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King H Kho Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Ben A Blansjaar Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Marcel M Verbeek Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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P Ben H Geurtz Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Johanna M Geleijnse Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Louis J G Gooren Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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metabolizing these steroids ( Puy et al. 1995 , Poletti & Martini 1999 , Stoffel-Wagner 2003 , Altman 2004 ). Dopamine is synthesized from tyrosine by dopaminergic neurons, and is also the precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves. Dopamine is

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06307
Volume/Issue:
Volume 187: Issue 1
Free access
A Sengupta Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

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D K Sarkar Endocrinology Program and Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA

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characterized by seven transmembrane domains ( Baldwin 1994 , Gershengorn & Osman 1996 ). Dopamine (DA) is one of the hormones that play a key role in maintaining the normal function of lactotropes in the pituitary gland ( Freeman et al . 2000 , Ben

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0125
Volume/Issue:
Volume 214: Issue 1
Free access
Alejandra Abeledo-Machado Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Pablo Anibal Pérez Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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María Andrea Camilletti Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Erika Yanil Faraoni Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Florencia Picech Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Juan Pablo Petiti Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Silvina Gutiérrez Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Graciela Diaz-Torga Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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rats presenting higher levels of serum prolactin compared to males since the first days of life. It is well known that dopamine is the primary hypothalamic inhibitor of prolactin synthesis and secretion (for review see Ben-Jonathan & Hnasko 2001

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-20-0041
Volume/Issue:
Volume 246: Issue 1
Restricted access