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Abigail Wolf Greenstein Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Neena Majumdar Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Peng Yang Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Papasani V Subbaiah Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Rhonda D Kineman Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jose Cordoba-Chacon Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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clearance, and regulation of body fat mass . Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 34268 – 34276 . ( doi:10.1074/jbc.M300043200 ) Glatz JF Luiken JJ Bonen A 2010 Membrane fatty acid transporters as regulators of lipid metabolism

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Sangeeta Maity Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Dipak Kar Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Kakali De Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Vivek Chander Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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Arun Bandyopadhyay Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India

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, during cardiac hypertrophy, the energy metabolism shifts from fatty acids to glucose, much like the fetal period when mitochondrial content is low ( Barger & Kelly 2000 , Garcia & Goldenthal 2002 , Lehman & Kelly 2002 , Goffart et al . 2004 ). It was

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Elena Grasselli Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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Adriana Voci Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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Laura Canesi Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy
Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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Fernando Goglia Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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Silvia Ravera Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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Isabella Panfoli Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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Gabriella Gallo Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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Laura Vergani Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy
Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy

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lipid homeostasis. In humans and rodents, PPARs are encoded under three isoforms α, γ, and δ that bind to free fatty acids (FFAs; Viswakarma et al . 2010 ), but only PPARα binds to saturated FFAs ( Xu et al . 1999 ). In the liver, PPARα is the master

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Amanda J Genders Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Timothy Connor Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Shona Morrison Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Simon T Bond Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Brian G Drew Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Meikle Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Kirsten F Howlett Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) and School of Exercise and Nutrition Science and Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Sean L McGee Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (iMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) to DG at the plasma membrane ( Rozengurt 2011 ). Nutrient substrates such as saturated fatty acids that drive de novo DG accumulation can also increase PKD phosphorylation ( Mayer et al. 2019 ). Furthermore, PKD can be activated

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Joëlle Dupont PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Sophie Tesseraud PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Michel Derouet PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Anne Collin PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Nicole Rideau PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Sabine Crochet PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Estelle Godet PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Estelle Cailleau-Audouin PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Sonia Métayer-Coustard PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Michel J Duclos PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Christian Gespach PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Tom E Porter PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Larry A Cogburn PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Jean Simon PRC (UMR 6175), Station de Recherches Avicoles (UR 83), INSERM, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France

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Agricultural Research and Teaching. Metabolic and hormone analyses Plasma glucose levels were measured by the glucose oxidase method (Glucose Beckman Analyser 2, Beckman, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Free or non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were determined with

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Rohit Singhal Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of

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Kartik Shankar Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of
Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of

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Thomas M Badger Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of
Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of

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Martin J Ronis Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of
Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Departments of

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receptor-related receptor ( Insrr ) by 4- and 1.6-fold, while insulin receptor substrate 3 ( Irs3 ) and insulin induced gene 2 ( Insig2 ) were downregulated by 3.7- and 1.8-fold respectively. Genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and transport such as

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A Santillo Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy

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L Burrone Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy

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S Falvo Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy

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R Senese Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy

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A Lanni Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy

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G Chieffi Baccari Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Vivaldi, 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy

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peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation respectively. Next, because T 3 stimulates fat oxidation by acting at the mitochondrial and peroxisomal levels, we studied the effect of an animal's thyroid state on the mitochondria, correlating mitochondrial activity and

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Taija Saloniemi Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Heli Jokela Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Leena Strauss Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Pirjo Pakarinen Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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Matti Poutanen Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

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characterised inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis are indicated in red. HSD17B12 The mammalian HSD17B12 was initially characterised as a 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, involved in the long-chain fatty acid synthesis ( Moon & Horton 2003 ). Both the human and the

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Martina Bugáňová Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Helena Pelantová Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martina Holubová Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Blanka Šedivá Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic

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Lenka Maletínská Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Blanka Železná Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jaroslav Kuneš Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Petr Kačer Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Marek Kuzma Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Haluzík Centre for Experimental Medicine and Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96 2027 – 2031 . ( doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0599 ) Fabbrini E Sullivan S Klein S 2010 Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications . Hepatology 51

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Chunxia Yu Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Sujuan Liu Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Liqin Chen Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Jun Shen Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Yanmei Niu Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Tianyi Wang Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Wanqi Zhang Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Li Fu Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medical Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

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Jiancheng, China, A111-1) and total cholesterol assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng, China, A110-1), respectively. Measurement of plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) and insulin concentrations were performed using FFA ELISA kit (EL701771-96T) and an insulin ELISA kit

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