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Suzana T Cunha Lima Diabetes Center, Instituto de Biologia, Centro Universitário da Bahia ‐ FIB, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, California, USA
Diabetes Center, Instituto de Biologia, Centro Universitário da Bahia ‐ FIB, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, California, USA

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Edson D Rodrigues Diabetes Center, Instituto de Biologia, Centro Universitário da Bahia ‐ FIB, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, California, USA
Diabetes Center, Instituto de Biologia, Centro Universitário da Bahia ‐ FIB, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, California, USA

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Introduction The nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors includes receptors for thyroid hormone (TH), steroids, vitamins A and D, and other small hydrophobic molecules ( Laudet & Gronemeyer 2002 ). NRs play widespread roles in growth

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Donald Pfaff Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behaviour, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA

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CNS operates. Hormone-driven behaviours offer an exception to this miserable state of affairs. The strategic advantages of being able to ‘triangulate’ upon behaviourally relevant neuronal mechanisms by the use of molecular endocrine techniques (in

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Yuta Kasahara Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Hiroshi Kishi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Ryo Yokomizo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Aikou Okamoto Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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). Alcohol could also interact with luteinizing hormone (LH) production from the pituitary gland, increasing the release of E 2 from the ovaries ( Fernandez 2011 ). Ethanol reportedly has some deleterious effects on ovarian function ( Van Thiel et al. 1978

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E Mezosi Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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J Szabo Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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E V Nagy Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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A Borbely Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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E Varga Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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G Paragh Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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Z Varga Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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Introduction Most effects of thyroid hormone are mediated by a direct modulation of gene activity via interaction of the thyroid hormone–nuclear receptor complex with specific DNA sequences ( Ojamaa et al. 1996 ). Several results

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G. J. GOLDSWORTHY
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W. MORDUE
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article image

1. INTRODUCTION

Our knowledge of insect hormones is expanding rapidly and, in general, reviews of the literature have been preoccupied with morphogenetic hormones. A review of this length must, of necessity, be selective. We have avoided much speculative material and disputes about detail, and attempted to give a critical account of the available information concerning the nature and role of neurosecretory hormones in insects. Particular attention has been paid to the physiology of hormones, produced by neurosecretory cells and associated glandular tissue, which are concerned with developmental, physiological and metabolic events.

2. SOURCES OF HORMONES

In insects, polypeptide or peptide hormones are produced by neurosecretory cells or glandular cells associated with the neuroendocrine system. The neurosecretory cells may lie within the brain, the corpora cardiaca, or the medial nervous

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N N Chattergoon Heart Research Center,
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA

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G D Giraud Heart Research Center,
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA

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K L Thornburg Heart Research Center,
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA

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Introduction Thyroid hormones (3,5,3′-triiodo- l -thyronine: T 3 ; thyroxine: T 4 ) are key regulators of development in all vertebrates ( White et al. 2001 , Mai et al. 2006 ). In mammals, including humans, the circulating

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J T Smith School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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A Roseweir Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK

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M Millar Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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I J Clarke Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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R P Millar Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Introduction Kisspeptin and its cognate receptor GPR54 are now well accepted as a critical component of central nervous system regulation of GnRH neuron control of reproductive hormones ( de Roux et al . 2003 , Seminara et al . 2003

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Allison R Foilb Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, Milbank Hall, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA

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Patina Lui Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, Milbank Hall, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA

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Russell D Romeo Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, Milbank Hall, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA

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dramatic hormonal and somatic changes, while adolescence is a more general term used to indicate the more protracted transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Though the exact age span that covers these developmental stages in the rat is not

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Juan Bernal Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction The actions of thyroid hormones (TH) on brain develop­ment and function are among the more relevant of these hormones, strongly influencing neuromotor performance, cognition and mood. Multiple conditions cause impaired TH action

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R L Moore Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of

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Y Dai Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of

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D V Faller Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of

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Introduction Steroid hormone receptors, such as the estrogen (ER) and androgen receptors (AR), as well as the progesterone (PR), glucocorticoid (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) are part of a large nuclear receptor family of eukaryotic

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