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Diabetes Center, Instituto de Biologia, Centro Universitário da Bahia ‐ FIB, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, California, USA
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Diabetes Center, Instituto de Biologia, Centro Universitário da Bahia ‐ FIB, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, 94143 San Francisco, California, USA
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Introduction The nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors includes receptors for thyroid hormone (TH), steroids, vitamins A and D, and other small hydrophobic molecules ( Laudet & Gronemeyer 2002 ). NRs play widespread roles in growth
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CNS operates. Hormone-driven behaviours offer an exception to this miserable state of affairs. The strategic advantages of being able to ‘triangulate’ upon behaviourally relevant neuronal mechanisms by the use of molecular endocrine techniques (in
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). Alcohol could also interact with luteinizing hormone (LH) production from the pituitary gland, increasing the release of E 2 from the ovaries ( Fernandez 2011 ). Ethanol reportedly has some deleterious effects on ovarian function ( Van Thiel et al. 1978
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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Introduction Most effects of thyroid hormone are mediated by a direct modulation of gene activity via interaction of the thyroid hormone–nuclear receptor complex with specific DNA sequences ( Ojamaa et al. 1996 ). Several results
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1. INTRODUCTION
Our knowledge of insect hormones is expanding rapidly and, in general, reviews of the literature have been preoccupied with morphogenetic hormones. A review of this length must, of necessity, be selective. We have avoided much speculative material and disputes about detail, and attempted to give a critical account of the available information concerning the nature and role of neurosecretory hormones in insects. Particular attention has been paid to the physiology of hormones, produced by neurosecretory cells and associated glandular tissue, which are concerned with developmental, physiological and metabolic events.
2. SOURCES OF HORMONES
In insects, polypeptide or peptide hormones are produced by neurosecretory cells or glandular cells associated with the neuroendocrine system. The neurosecretory cells may lie within the brain, the corpora cardiaca, or the medial nervous
Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Oregon Health and Science University, L464, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (3,5,3′-triiodo- l -thyronine: T 3 ; thyroxine: T 4 ) are key regulators of development in all vertebrates ( White et al. 2001 , Mai et al. 2006 ). In mammals, including humans, the circulating
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Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Introduction Kisspeptin and its cognate receptor GPR54 are now well accepted as a critical component of central nervous system regulation of GnRH neuron control of reproductive hormones ( de Roux et al . 2003 , Seminara et al . 2003
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dramatic hormonal and somatic changes, while adolescence is a more general term used to indicate the more protracted transitional period between childhood and adulthood. Though the exact age span that covers these developmental stages in the rat is not
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Introduction The actions of thyroid hormones (TH) on brain development and function are among the more relevant of these hormones, strongly influencing neuromotor performance, cognition and mood. Multiple conditions cause impaired TH action
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Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
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Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
Cancer Center, Medicine, Biochemistry, Pediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Departments of
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Introduction Steroid hormone receptors, such as the estrogen (ER) and androgen receptors (AR), as well as the progesterone (PR), glucocorticoid (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) are part of a large nuclear receptor family of eukaryotic
