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Introduction The classic response to chronic stress consists of an elegant, concerted interplay of two important pathways, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA). The chronic activation of these stress
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in mice that lack rod photoreceptors ( Panda et al . 2003 ). Changes in duration of the light–darkness cycle are decoded in mammals within the supra-chiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. It has been proposed that altered phasing of clock
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Neurotensin is a hypothalamic peptide which inhibits secretion of TSH in the rat in vivo. We have demonstrated a calcium-dependent release of neurotensin from incubated rat hypothalamus in response to depolarizing stimuli, as well as a dose-dependent stimulatory effect of tri-iodothyronine (T3) on neurotensin secretion. We suggest that part of the neuroendocrine control of TSH secretion involves the interaction of T3, neurotensin and TSH; the presence of neurotensin in extracts of anterior pituitary gland is further evidence for its hypophysiotrophic role.
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, Ahima & Antwi 2008 ). In addition, leptin modulates the activity of several neuroendocrine axes, including the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Similar to leptin, thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the maintenance of basal metabolism and
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Room C5-R61, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs; cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents) are secreted by the adrenals in response to stimulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis by a stressor, and induce behavioral and metabolic
Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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/l saline) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% picric acid in 0.1 M PB. Then the brains were removed, coronally cut, and divided into three blocks (forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem). The blocks were postfixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0
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al. 1998 ) and rodents ( Eisenberg 1980 , Zhou et al. 2005 ). β-Endorphin immuno-reactive (ir) fibers and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-ir perikarya are colocalized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus (e.g. Pilcher
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The basal hypothalamus of Coturnix quail contains gonadotrophin releasing factor (GRF) activity (Follett, 1970) but the precise location of the neurons producing the neurohormone(s) is unknown. Lesioning studies show that the destruction of either of two sites blocks photo-inducible testicular growth. One of these lies in the dorsal basal hypothalamus around the paraventricular organ and the other directly above the median eminence (Sharp & Follett, 1969). These two areas are morphologically distinct when considered either in terms of the distribution of monoamines (Sharp & Follett, 1968) or of tanycyte processes (Sharp, 1972).
To explore this problem further, pituitaries were taken from sexually mature quail and fragments of the cephalic lobes were implanted into the hypothalami of gonadectomized birds. By removing the negative feedback effect of gonadal steroids it was hoped to stimulate GRF activity. It was anticipated that, as in rats (Halász, Pupp & Uhlarik, 1962), implanted pituitary cells would
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*Joint Academic Unit of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction Physiology, The Medical Colleges of St Bartholomew's and The London Hospital, 51–53 Bartholomew Close, London, EC1A 7BE and ‡Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology, The University, Glasgow, G2 0NA
(Received 17 December 1976)
It is generally accepted that the secretion of prolactin from the mammalian pituitary gland is under inhibitory control from the hypothalamus (Meites, 1973). During studies on the development of gonadotrophin secretion in the early human foetus (Gilmore, Dobbie, McNeilly & Mortimer, 1977) it became apparent that up to week 16, the hypothalamus may exert a stimulatory influence over prolactin release which switches to the adult situation as the foetus develops towards term. This communication describes these findings in more detail.
Pituitary glands, hypothalami, and cortices were collected from foetuses delivered by hysterotomy between 10 and 19 weeks of pregnancy. The tissues were immediately frozen on solid C02 and stored
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). One of the brain regions that highly express MC4R is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) ( Mountjoy et al . 1994 , Kishi et al . 2003 , Lu et al . 2003 ). Studies suggest that the PVN is one of the key neuroanatomical substrates
