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. Previous studies indicated that hepatic infiltration of macrophages is the major cause of inflammatory responses in the pathology of NASH ( Mridha et al . 2017 ). In terms of decreasing NASN-related inflammation, acetate, propionate, or butyrate inhibited

-induced excessive cellular stress conditions, NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased and accelerate macrophage polarization to proinflammatory macrophage M1 and activation. In particular, activated macrophages are recognized as

metabolism present in innate immune cells and the role and effects of intracellular TH metabolism in these cells. It focuses specifically on the phagocytic innate immune cells: neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells. Thyroid hormone production and

) activation promote steatosis–NASH progression ( Tilg & Moschen 2010 ). Lipid overload in the liver enhances lipid peroxidation, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Enhanced lipid peroxidation and ROS production activates T cells, macrophages

, Kim et al . 2014 ). Chronic inflammation is characterised by enhanced cytokine levels (e.g. interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL6, IL10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)), and oxygen free radicals generated by immune cells, such as activated macrophages

pancreata were double stained and counted as described for grafts. CD68, IL-1β, and iNOS immunohistochemistry To identify the presence of macrophages, we stained CD68-expressing cells (monocyte/macrophage lineage

, in the present study, we sought to unravel the effects of testosterone on AAA formation and found that castration promoted AAA formation through exacerbated infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and Il-6 and Il-1b upregulation. Conversely

( Wu et al . 2011 ), and macrophages ( Weisberg et al . 2003 , Lumeng et al . 2007 , Wentworth et al . 2010 ). Resident adipose leukocyte populations represent distinct subsets, with particular functions compared with their equivalent populations

progresses, Kupffer cells are replaced by monocyte-derived macrophages. Also, other immune cells as neutrophils and Type 1 T helper cells contribute to the inflammatory environment in NASH. However, also anti-inflammatory effects of immune cells in NASH are

-induced adipose tissue inflammation in the development of T1D in the LEW1.WR1 rat. Our data demonstrate for the first time that infection with a diabetogenic virus leads to CD68 + macrophage infiltration into visceral but not subcutaneous adipose tissue observed