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Marianna Minnetti Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Valeria Hasenmajer Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Riccardo Pofi Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Mary Anna Venneri Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Krystallenia I Alexandraki Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Andrea M Isidori Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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and total motor activity were kept similar, led to excess weight gain ( Fonken et al. 2010 ). Consistent with this, CLOCK -mutant mice exhibit an attenuated diurnal feeding rhythm and develop obesity and metabolic syndrome ( Turek et al. 2005

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Kazunari Nohara Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Suhuan Liu Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Matthew S Meyers Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Aurélie Waget Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Mathieu Ferron Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Gérard Karsenty Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Rémy Burcelin Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Franck Mauvais-Jarvis Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in NTM as in AR knockout mice. Neonatally androgenized female mice develop many of the features of the metabolic syndrome observed in women with PCOS ( Nohara et al . 2011 , 2013 ). These features include

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Daniel M Kelly Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK

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T Hugh Jones Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK

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Introduction There has been an alarming increase, of epidemic proportions, in both obesity and diabetes in the general population with increased cardiovascular risk associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or metabolic syndrome (MetS

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Lei Du State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yang Wang State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Cong-Rong Li State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Liang-Jian Chen State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Jin-Yang Cai State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Zheng-Rong Xia Analysis and Test Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Wen-Tao Zeng Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Zi-Bin Wang Analysis and Test Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Xi-Chen Chen Analysis and Test Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Fan Hu State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Dong Zhang State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Xiao-Wei Xing The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Zhi-Xia Yang State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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polycystic ovary syndrome: comparison of metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular risk factors . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96 1311 – 1319 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2547 ) Villarroya J Cereijo R Villarroya F 2013

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Simone Radavelli-Bagatini Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), Department of Physiology, Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia

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Amy R Blair
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Joseph Proietto
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Poli Mara Spritzer Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), Department of Physiology, Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), Department of Physiology, Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos
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Introduction Infertility associated with oligo/anovulation, changes in ovarian structure and function, and metabolic disturbances such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are characteristics common to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), affecting 5

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Thomas Nicholson Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris Church MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Kostas Tsintzas MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Robert Jones MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Leigh Breen Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Edward T Davis The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Northfield, Birmingham, UK

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David J Baker MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Simon W Jones Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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reported that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is higher in females than in males ( Beigh & Jain 2012 ), with central adiposity being a greater risk factor for metabolic diseases in females ( Li et al. 2006 , Holliday et al. 2011 ). Contrary to

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA

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metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes ( Barker et al . 2002 , Whincup et al . 2008 , Atlantis et al . 2009 ), and risk of cardiovascular events later in life ( Basaria & Bhasin 2012 ). Thus, suppressed development of muscle in IUGR fetuses could be a

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K Alexander H Iwen Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Oezge Senyaman Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Arne Schwartz Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Maren Drenckhan Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Britta Meier Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Dirk Hadaschik Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Johannes Klein Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany

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Introduction Obesity and insulin resistance are at the centre of the metabolic syndrome which is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. There is growing evidence for an implication of adipose dysfunction critically

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Victor P Bilan Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of
Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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Eman M Salah Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of
Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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Sheldon Bastacky Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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Huw B Jones Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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Rachel M Mayers Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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Bradley Zinker Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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Simon M Poucher Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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Stevan P Tofovic Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of
Division of Pulmonary, Medicine, Pathology, Pathology, CVGI Discovery, Diabetes Drug Discovery, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, Departments of

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pathways of DN to be identified, it does not share primary features of metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia, obesity, and hypertension. Furthermore, STZ rats develop mild hyperlipidemia and are resistant to development of nephropathy

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Stuart A Morgan Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK

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Zaki K Hassan-Smith Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Jeremy Tomlinson Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Paul M Stewart Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
NEXUS, Discovery Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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improve healthspan. Interestingly, the aged phenotype shares several metabolic similarities with that of circulatory glucocorticoid (GC) excess (Cushing’s syndrome), including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, central obesity, hypertension

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