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Simone Radavelli-Bagatini Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), Department of Physiology, Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia

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Amy R Blair
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Joseph Proietto
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Poli Mara Spritzer Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), Department of Physiology, Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), Department of Physiology, Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos
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were analyzed in detail. The follicles were counted and classified as healthy or atretic ( Brawer et al . 1986 , Convery et al . 1990 ). Preantral follicles were defined as follicles without any antral cavity and with two or more layers of granulosa

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K A Walters School of Women’s & Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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V Rodriguez Paris School of Women’s & Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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A Aflatounian School of Women’s & Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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D J Handelsman Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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cells of preantral follicles, but during antral follicular growth, AR expression progressively declines in the outer mural granulosa cells but remains intense in the cumulus cells ( Szoltys & Slomczynska 2000 , Lenie & Smitz 2009 ) ( Fig. 1

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Tong Sun College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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Wen-Bo Deng College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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Hong-Lu Diao College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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Hua Ni College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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Yu-Yan Bai College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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Xing-Hong Ma College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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Li-Bin Xu College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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Zeng-Ming Yang College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

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. In addition, the signals for EP4 mRNA were localized mostly to oocytes in the preantral follicles ( Segi et al. 2003 ). It is possible that PGE2 produced via cPGES may act through EP4 in the mouse oocytes. Although the expression patterns

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Susan M Quirk Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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Robert G Cowan Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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Rebecca M Harman Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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implants of diethylstilbesterol (DES) was followed by implant withdrawal-induced apoptosis of granulosa cells in multilayered preantral follicles ( Billig et al. 1993 ). The mechanism for this effect of oestrogen in promoting granulosa cell viability was

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Kirsty A Walters School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Alba Moreno-Asso Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia

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Nigel K Stepto Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Medicine at Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Valentina Rodriguez Paris School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Raymond J Rodgers The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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, indicating distinct roles for AR-mediated actions during the various stages of follicular development. Generally, AR expression is present as follicles enter the growing pool and is expressed in the oocyte, granulosa cells and theca cells of preantral

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Yiran Zhou Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Christine Neyt Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Nicola J Batchelor Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Rebecca L Kelley School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

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Karmilla Jaafar Amsak Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Greg M Anderson Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Dorothy E Oorschot Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Christine L Jasoni Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Jane E Girling Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Woodcock SR Oorschot DE Batchelor NJ 2018 Anti-Mullerian hormone overexpression restricts preantral ovarian follicle survival . Journal of Endocrinology 237 153 – 163 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-18-0005 ) 29540452 Percie du Sert N Ahluwalia

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Ying Wang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China
Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China

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Xiao-Hui Wang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China
Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China

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Deng-Xuan Fan Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China
Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China

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Yuan Zhang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China
Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China

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Ming-Qing Li Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China
Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China

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Hai-Xia Wu Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China

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Li-Ping Jin Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China
Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, No. 413, Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China

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in preantral granulosa cells, but not in cumulus or mural cells of the pre-ovulatory follicles, in the mouse ovary. However, very little is known about PC expression and functions in human granulosa cells. Only one recent study ( Akiyama et al . 2012

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V Squicciarini Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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R Riquelme Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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K Wilsterman Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

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G E Bentley Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

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H E Lara Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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was performed as previously described ( Lara et al . 2000 ). All follicular structures were followed through all the slices. Briefly, preantral follicles correspond to follicles without any antral cavity, including primary and secondary follicles

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Eliana H Akamine Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Anderson C Marçal Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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João Paulo Camporez Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Mara S Hoshida Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Luciana C Caperuto Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Estela Bevilacqua Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Carla R O Carvalho Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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found between the ovaries from female rats submitted to high-fat diet for 180 days and their controls. In the control group, the ovaries exhibited morphologically normal antral and pre-antral follicles and corpora lutea. The granulosa layer showed a

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K A Chan Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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M W Tsoulis Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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D M Sloboda Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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delayed onset of puberty ( Guzman et al . 2006 ). After puberty, offspring born to lactationally protein restricted dams display increased numbers of preantral and small antral follicles but reduced numbers of primordial follicles, Graafian follicles, and

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