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resistant states of pregnancy and obesity ( Butler et al . 2007 ). Studying states in which insulin needs change can provide insight into pathways mediating β cell adaptations. In mice, β cell mass increases about twofold during pregnancy, with a maximum
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Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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muscle and we have previously reviewed the cellular targets and molecular pathways implicated ( Dubois et al. 2012 ). Therefore, it is conceivable that testosterone increases activity in males by favoring adaptation to exercise (peripheral mechanisms
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condition that requires numerous metabolic adaptations to the increasing energy demands of the fetus(es). In the present review, we summarize the metabolic effects of GH in the context of situations of stress. Our objective is to postulate that the different
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for adaptation ( Selye 1937 ). At the time of his discovery, the central regulating molecules of the HPA axis were not established. Following its identification in 1954, arginine vasopressin (AVP) was considered as the principal regulator of ACTH
Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) Network
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ramifications for offspring health in later life. Her recent research focuses on the environmental change (particularly heat exposure and drinking water quality) on maternal adaptations to pregnancy and child health outcomes. This work is becoming increasingly
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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fetal configuration is accompanied by a range of endocrine adaptations including a decrease in plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II and increased growth hormone (GH) concentration ( Bauer et al. 1995 ). In contrast, maternal nutrient
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gathered current evidence for the effects of maternal and fetal hyperinsulinaemia on developmental programming and describe the direct effects of insulin on the placenta and the maternal metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy. We also discuss
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1987 , Daly & Darbre 1990 a , Jeng et al . 1998 , Shaw et al . 2006 ). The molecular basis for this growth adaptation in MCF-7 cells has been suggested to result from the increased ER levels causing the cells to become hypersensitive to low levels
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effects observed in both acute and long-term GC incubation, chronic in vivo administration of these steroids leads to up-regulation of β-cell function as a result of the compensatory adaptation to GC-induced IR. Administration of high doses of
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Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
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Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
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adaptation to the seasonal variations that occur in a natural environment throughout the year. It is well established that circadian rhythms are intrinsic to a wide range of body functions, including the sleep–wake cycle, metabolism, immune response, and