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on documenting the available information delineating various hormonal factors and their relevance to alterations in bone mass of women suffering from PCOS. The hormonal factors include GnRH, LH/FSH ratio, estrogens, androgens, insulin, cortisol
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Introduction Bone is a highly specialized and dynamic tissue that undergoes constant remodeling by balancing bone formation and resorption ( Clarke 2008 , Eriksen 2010 ), processes that are regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts respectively
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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in the USA being overweight or obese ( Ogden et al . 2007 , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004 ). The recent discovery of interactions between bone, fat, and the brain raises the possibility that these diseases may share common
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
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et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
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et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
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et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
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et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
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Introduction Bone is a living mineralized material, highly complex and constantly remodeled in mass and architecture to adapt and repair the damage induced by growth, aging, and mechanical stress. In order to maintain a constant bone mass, bone
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Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Introduction The bone marrow niche houses stem cell populations that give rise to blood, immune, bone and fat cells within the skeletal microenvironment. The fate of bone marrow progenitor cells can be influenced by hormones and nutrient
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
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Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
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clinical vertebral fractures ( Sozen et al . 2017 ). The problem is more prevalent in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, accidental injuries including bone fractures are the sixth leading cause of death in India. Despite the
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Introduction Primary type I osteoporosis, also known as postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), is a bone disease associated with reduced bone mineral density, disordered bone architecture and increased fragility ( Chinese Orthopaedic Association 2009
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Evolution and bone The vertebrate skeleton is one of the largest mammalian organs, providing the framework of the body, supporting the softer tissues and creating points of attachment for most skeletal muscles. In addition, the skeleton provides
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Introduction Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a bone anabolic drug ( Rigalli et al . 1992 ). However, chronic treatment with NaF produces insulin resistance (IR; Menoyo et al . 2008 , Chiba et al . 2012 ). This effect is observed in many parts of the
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Introduction Bone tissue is constantly renewed in a process called remodeling. Remodeling relies on the activities of specialized cells, bone-forming osteoblasts, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, to maintain bone mass ( Clarke 2008 ). The balance