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Abhaya Krishnan Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

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Sridhar Muthusami Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

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on documenting the available information delineating various hormonal factors and their relevance to alterations in bone mass of women suffering from PCOS. The hormonal factors include GnRH, LH/FSH ratio, estrogens, androgens, insulin, cortisol

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Rana Samadfam
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Malaika Awori
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Agnes Bénardeau Charles River Laboratories, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 22022 Transcanadienne, Senneville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3R3

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Frieder Bauss Charles River Laboratories, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 22022 Transcanadienne, Senneville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3R3

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Elena Sebokova Charles River Laboratories, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 22022 Transcanadienne, Senneville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3R3

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Matthew Wright Charles River Laboratories, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 22022 Transcanadienne, Senneville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H9X 3R3

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Susan Y Smith
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Introduction Bone is a highly specialized and dynamic tissue that undergoes constant remodeling by balancing bone formation and resorption ( Clarke 2008 , Eriksen 2010 ), processes that are regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts respectively

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M J Devlin Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C Grasemann Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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A M Cloutier Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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L Louis Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C Alm Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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M R Palmert Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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M L Bouxsein Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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in the USA being overweight or obese ( Ogden et al . 2007 , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004 ). The recent discovery of interactions between bone, fat, and the brain raises the possibility that these diseases may share common

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Guillaume Mabilleau Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Aleksandra Mieczkowska Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Nigel Irwin Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Peter R Flatt Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Daniel Chappard Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Introduction Bone is a living mineralized material, highly complex and constantly remodeled in mass and architecture to adapt and repair the damage induced by growth, aging, and mechanical stress. In order to maintain a constant bone mass, bone

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Jessica L Pierce Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Ke-Hong Ding Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Jianrui Xu Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Anuj K Sharma Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Kanglun Yu Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Natalia del Mazo Arbona Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Zuleika Rodríguez-Santos Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Paul J Bernard Pediatric Endocrine Specialists of Georgia, Duluth, Georgia, USA

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Wendy B Bollag Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Maribeth H Johnson Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Mark W Hamrick Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Dana L Begun Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Xing-Ming Shi Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Carlos M Isales Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Meghan E McGee-Lawrence Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Introduction The bone marrow niche houses stem cell populations that give rise to blood, immune, bone and fat cells within the skeletal microenvironment. The fate of bone marrow progenitor cells can be influenced by hormones and nutrient

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Alok Tripathi Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Pallavi Awasthi Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Kundan Singh Rawat Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Atma P Dwivedi Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Krishna Bhan Singh Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Kriti Sharma Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Ravi Prakash Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Divya Singh Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Atul Goel Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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clinical vertebral fractures ( Sozen et al . 2017 ). The problem is more prevalent in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, accidental injuries including bone fractures are the sixth leading cause of death in India. Despite the

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Wang Xiao Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Fei Beibei Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Shen Guangsi Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Jiang Yu Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Zhang Wen Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Huang Xi Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Xu Youjia Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Introduction Primary type I osteoporosis, also known as postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), is a bone disease associated with reduced bone mineral density, disordered bone architecture and increased fragility ( Chinese Orthopaedic Association 2009

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K J Oldknow Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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V E MacRae Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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C Farquharson Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Evolution and bone The vertebrate skeleton is one of the largest mammalian organs, providing the framework of the body, supporting the softer tissues and creating points of attachment for most skeletal muscles. In addition, the skeleton provides

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Mercedes Lombarte
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Brenda L Fina
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Maela Lupo
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Marília A Buzalaf Bone Biology Laboratory, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Argentina

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Alfredo Rigalli
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Introduction Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a bone anabolic drug ( Rigalli et al . 1992 ). However, chronic treatment with NaF produces insulin resistance (IR; Menoyo et al . 2008 , Chiba et al . 2012 ). This effect is observed in many parts of the

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Corine Martineau
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Louise Martin-Falstrault Laboratoire du Métabolisme Osseux, Laboratoire du Métabolisme des Lipoprotéines, BioMed, Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8

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Louise Brissette Laboratoire du Métabolisme Osseux, Laboratoire du Métabolisme des Lipoprotéines, BioMed, Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8

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Robert Moreau
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Introduction Bone tissue is constantly renewed in a process called remodeling. Remodeling relies on the activities of specialized cells, bone-forming osteoblasts, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, to maintain bone mass ( Clarke 2008 ). The balance

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