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T V Novoselova Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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R Larder University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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D Rimmington University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Lelliott Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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E H Wynn Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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R J Gorrigan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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P H Tate Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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L Guasti Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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S O’Rahilly University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A J L Clark Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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D W Logan Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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A P Coll University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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L F Chan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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particular, the paradoxical observation that the mutant mice become obese without detectable changes in food intake or energy balance ( Asai et al . 2013 ) requires exploration, as does the potential role of MRAP2 in peripheral cholesterol and lipid

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Jillian L Rourke Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Shanmugam Muruganandan Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Helen J Dranse Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Nichole M McMullen Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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Christopher J Sinal Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2

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feeding in humans. While the mechanism of GPR1-mediated feeding modulation remains elusive, these findings reiterate the need for further studies on the role that chemerin and its receptors play in the regulation of feeding and energy balance. Insulin

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Marcos Divino Ferreira-Junior Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal

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Keilah Valéria Naves Cavalcante Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil

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Carlos Henrique Xavier Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil

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Emerielle Cristine Vanzela Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

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Antonio Carlos Boschero Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

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Paulo Matafome University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, H&T Research Center, Coimbra, Portugal

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

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on eating behaviour ( Wren 2001 ), ghrelin has effects that range from the maturation of the central nervous system to the regulation of energy balance, being an important hormone for pre- and postnatal development. Ghrelin is also important for the

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Farid F Chehab Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94132, USA

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deficiency. While reproductive disturbances are largely dissociated from common obesity, nutritional factors and reproduction are closely connected, as exemplified in states of negative energy balance, when food intake corrects amenorrhea. For example

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Gideon Hen Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Sara Yosefi Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Victoria Simchaev Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Dmitry Shinder Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Victor J Hruby Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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Miriam Friedman-Einat Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

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), which are key elements in the control of energy balance ( Friedman 2002 , Schneider et al. 2002 , Small et al. 2002 , Matsumura et al. 2003 , Mountjoy et al. 2003 , Pankov Iu 2005 ). Experimental blockade of melanocortin receptors (MCRs) in

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Marion Régnier UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Matthias Van Hul UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Claude Knauf Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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Patrice D Cani UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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metabolic abnormalities, prevention remains the greatest challenge. Among the different factors contributing to the regulation of energy balance, the microorganisms that reside in the human gut (called the gut microbiota) have received increasing attention

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Catia Martins School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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Linda M Morgan School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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Stephen R Bloom School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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M Denise Robertson School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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seems to be only modest ( Miller et al. 1997 ). The ability of exercise to create a negative energy balance (EB) relies not only directly on its impact on energy expenditure (EE), but also indirectly on its potential to modulate energy intake (EI

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Barbara C Fam Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rebecca Sgambellone Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Zheng Ruan Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Joseph Proietto Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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) as described in the following sections for all of the groups. Experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the protocols approved by the Austin Health Animal Ethics Committee (AEC no. A2010/04028). Feeding protocol and energy balance

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Sean A Newsom Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Jennifer C Richards Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Tyler K Johnson Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Jessica N Kuzma Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Mark C Lonac Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Roger J Paxton Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Grant M Rynn Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Wyatt F Voyles Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Christopher Bell Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Introduction Stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) by the sympathoadrenal system is an important physiological determinant of total daily energy expenditure (EE) and hence energy balance in humans ( van Baak 2001 ). Evidence for this is

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Sarah Teillon Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA

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German A Calderon Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA

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Maribel Rios Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA

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BDNF 2L/2LAlb-cre conditional mutants were analyzed using the comparative C t method. * P =0.002. To determine whether reduced expression of Bdnf in the liver had any effects on energy balance, we monitored food intake of BDNF 2L/2LAlb-cre mutant

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